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OCR Biology Paper 1 > The Kidney and Excretion > Flashcards

The Kidney and Excretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1 . blood enters the kidneys through

A

the renal artery

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2
Q

2 . blood passes through capillaires in the

A

cortex

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3
Q

3 . as the blood passes throughthe capillaries, subtances are?

A

filtered out into long tubules that surround the capillaries (ultrafiltration)

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4
Q

4 . useful substances are reabsorbed back from the tubules in?

A

medulla and cortex (selective reabsorption)

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5
Q

5 . what happens to remaining unwanted substances

A

pass alon thr tubules along the ureter to the bladder where theyre expelled as urine

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6
Q

6 . the filtered blood passes through

A

the renal vein

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7
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

what are nephrons

A

long tubules along with a bundle of capillaries where the blood is filtered

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8
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

1 . blood from the renal artery enters

A

smalller arterioles in the cortex

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9
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

2 . each arteriole splits into a structure called

A

a glomerulus

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10
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

3 . ultrafiltration takes place in the glomerulus which is?

A

(bundle of capillaries looped inside a hollow ball called bowman’s capsule)

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11
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

4 . what are affarent and efferent aretioles?

A

afferent: takes blood into each glomerulus
efferent: takes the filtered blood away from the glomerulus

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12
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

5 . why is the blood in the glomerulus under high pressure?

A

efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole

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13
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

6 . the high pressure in the glomerulus leads to what

A

forces liquid and small molecules in the blood out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule.

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14
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

7 . how many layers does the liquid pass through to get into the bowmans capsule and enter the nephron tubule

A

3

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15
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

8 . what cant pass through the basement membrane?

A

large proteins - so they stay in the blood.

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16
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

9 . the filtrate passes along the nephron and what happens during this

A

useful substances are reabsorbed

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17
Q

ULTRAFILTRATION

10 . finally the filrare flows through

A

the collecting duct andpasses out of the kidney along the ureter.

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18
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

1 . selective reabsorption takes place as

A

the filtrate floes along the proximal convulated tubule through the loop of henle and along the distal convulated tubule.

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19
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

2 . useful substances leave the tubules of the nephrons and enter?

A

the capillary network wrapped around them.

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20
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

3 . the epithelium of the PCT wall has what to provide a large surface area?

A

microvili

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21
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

4 . useful solutes like what is absorbed along the PTC

A

glucose, amino acids, vitamin and some salts through diffusion and active transport.

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22
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

5 . what else is absorbed by diffusion

A

some urea

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23
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

6 . water enters the blood by osmosis - why?

A

the WP of the blood is lower than that of the filtrate. it is hen reabsorbed from the lop of hene , DCT and collecting ducts.

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24
Q

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

the filtrate that remains is?

A

urine which passes along the ureter to the bladder.

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25
Q

URINE

is usually made up of?

A

water
dissolve salts
urea
hormones
excess vitamins

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26
Q

URINE

doesnt usually contain

A

proteins and blood cells (too big to leave)
glucose, amino acids and viteamis (theyre actively reabsorbed as theyre needed by the body)

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27
Q

EXAMINING NEPHRONS - CORTEX

the bundle of capillaries on the kidney tissue is

A

the glomerulus

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28
Q

EXAMINING NEPHRONS - CORTEX

the white area aroud the glomerulus is

A

the bowman’s capsule

29
Q

EXAMINING NEPHRONS - CORTEX

small white circular areas (surrounded by squamous epithelial cells -purple blobs are the nuclei of them)

A

are the PCTs and the DCTs

30
Q

EXAMINING NEPHRONS - MEDULLA

the white areas are

A

the loops of henle

31
Q

EXAMINING NEPHRONS - MEDULLA

the loops of henle are surrounded by

A

capillaries where thered dots represent the. red blood cells.

32
Q

KIDNEY DISSECTION

what equipment is needed?

A

scalpel, apron, lab gloves

33
Q

KIDNEY DISSECTION - external

4 steps?

A

1 - identify renal capsule
2 - find cortex
3 - identify tubes in the indented part as renal vein, artery and ureter (artery walls are thicker than the vein)
4 - draw a sketch and label

33
Q

KIDNEY DISSECTION - internal

5 steps

A

1 - cut the kidney in half lengthways and split it open
2 - identify cortex (light) and medulla (dark)
3 - identify renal pyramids in the medulla (contains loop of henle and collecting duct)
4 - identify the renal pelvis which connects to the ureter
5 - draw a sketch and label

33
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

if the water potential of the blood is too low…

A

more water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the blood from the tubules of the nephrons so urine is more concentrated and less water is lost during excretion

34
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

if the water potential of the blood is too high…

A

less water is reabsorbed to the body by osmisis into the blood from the tubules of the nephrons so urine is more dilute and more water is lost during excretion.

35
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

regulation of the water potential of the blood takes place in the…

A

middle and last parts of the nephron (loop of henle, distal CT and the collecting duct.)

36
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

the volume of water reabsorbed is controlled by?

A

hormones - ADH

37
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

the loop of henle is made up of 2 limbs which help set up the countercurrent multiplier mechanim: what are they

A

descending limb
ascending limb

38
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

1 - what happens near the top of the ascending limb?

A

Na+ AND Cl- ions are actively pumped out into the medulla - the ascending limb ins impermeable to water so this creates a low water potential in the medulla

39
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

2 - because there is a lower water potential in the medulla than in the descending limb, water….

A

moves out of the descening limb into the medulla by osmosis, making the filtrate more concenrared since the limb is unpermeanle to ions.
water in the blood is also reabsorbed into the blood.

40
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

3 - what happens near the bottom of the ascending limb?

A

Na+ AND Cl- ions diffuse out into the meddulla, further lowering the water potential in the medullla

41
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

4 - the 3 stages massively increase the ion concentration in the medulla, which does what?

A

lowers the water potential and causes water to move out of the collecting duct by osmosis - water is reabsorbed again by the capillary network into the blood.

42
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

the volume of water reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the capillary is controlled by

A

the changing permeability of the collecting duct

43
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

longer the loop of henle

A

the more water can be reabsorbed from the filtrate

44
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

longer the ascending limb

A

more ions are actively pumped out into the medulla

45
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - LOOP OF HENLE

when ions are pumped out into the medulla it creates a lower water potential in the medulla which means

A

water moves out of the nephron and collecting duct into the capillaries, giving a very concentrated urine.

46
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

monitored by cells called osmoreceptors, located

A

in the hypothalamus

47
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

when the osmoreceptors are stimulated bt low water potential in the blood, what happens?

A

jypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary flandd which releases ADJH into the blood.

48
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL

effect of ADH on the collecting duct and DCT?

A

makes their walls more permeable to water so more water is reabsorbed from them into the meddulla and the blood ny osmosis producing a small amount of concentrated urine.

49
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - dehydration

when dehydrated , ADH level

A

rises because water is lost, so it needs to be increased

50
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - dehydration

5 steps of rising ADH

A

1- water content and water potential of the blood drops
2 - detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
3 - posterior pituitary is stimulated to release more ADH into the blood
4 - more ADH means the DCT and collecting duct are more permeable so more water is reabsorbed
5 - small amount of highly concentrated urine priduced, less water lost

51
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - hydrated

when hydrated, ADH levels

A

fall because water content needs to be reduced

52
Q

CONTROLLING WATER POTENTIAL - hydrated

5 steps of falling ADH

A

1 - water content of blood rises so WP rises
2 - posterior pituitary detects it
3 - releases less ADH into the blood
4 - the DCT and collecting ducts are less permeable so less water is reabsorbed to the blood.
5 - large amount of dilute urine produced and more water is lost.

53
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

what is kidney failure?

A

when kidneys cant carry out their normal funcyions because they dont work properly

54
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

explain 2 causes of kidney failure

A

kidney infections - cause immflammation of the kidneys which can damage the cells and interferes with filterinf in bownmans capsule or rabsorptuon.
high blood pressure - damages glomerili as if pressure gers too high capillaries get damaged meaning large molucules like proteins can ger through the capillary walls and into the urine.

54
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

how is kidney failure detected?

A

measuring glomerual filtration rate - the rate at whcih blood is filtered from the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

55
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

give 4 problems caused by kidney failure

A
  1. waste priducts which would normally be removed build up in the blood
  2. fluids accumulate in tissues because the kidney cant remove excess water from the bloood
  3. balance of electrolytes in the bodybecomes unbalanced - blood may become too acidic and salt buildup cdasues water retention
  4. long term causes anaemia - lack of haemoglobin in the blood
56
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

what are the 2 main treatment options for kidney failure?

A

renal dialysis
kidney transplant

57
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

what is haemodialysis?

A

where thr pstient’s blood is passes through a dialysis machine - the blood flows on one side of a partially permeable membrane and dialysis fluid flows on the other side - so waste products can diffuse into the dialysisi tubing.

58
Q

KIDNEY FAULIRE

what is peritoneal diaysis?

A

where dialysis fluid is put through a. tube that oasses from the iutside of a patients abdomen into their abdominal cavity - waste products diffuse across the peritoneum.

59
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

limitations of peritoneal dialysis

A

infection
no dialysis free days

60
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

strength of dialysis

A

keeps person alive until transplant
less risky than having a major surgery

61
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

where do kidney transplants come from?

A

new kidney has to be from same blood and tissue type, often donated from a living relative

62
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

advantages and disadvantages of transplant?

A

cheaper than dialysis
patient has to undergo a major operatoon and the immune system may also reject the transplants - immunosuppresant drugs are needed to suppress it.

63
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

describe the 5 steps involved in a test for pregnancy

A
  1. a stick contains monoconal aantibodies of hCG in the application area bound to a coloured bead.
  2. when the urine is applied to the area, any hGC will bind to the antibody on the bead
  3. urine will move up the test strip, carrying the beads with it
  4. the test strip has immobilised antibodies to hCG
  5. if hCG is present, the test strip changes colour as the immobilised antibody binds to any hCG attached to coloured beads.
64
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

what is gas chromotography?

A

the urine sample is vapourised and passed through a column containing a polymer. different substances move through the column at different speeds - substances in each urine sample separate out.

65
Q

KIDNEY FAILURE

what is mass specrometry?

A

once substances have separated out following gas chromatography, they are converted into ions and separated absed on mass and charge. the result is analysed by a computer and compared to known substances.

OCR Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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