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OCR Biology Paper 1 > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do receptors and effectors do?

A

receptors: detect stimuli
effectors: bring about a response to the stiumuld

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2
Q

receptors communicate with eachother through?

A

nervous system, hormonal system or both.

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3
Q

the nervous system is split into:

A

the central NS and the peripheral NS

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4
Q

CNS is made up of

A

brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

the PNS is made up of

A

the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

the PNS is split into

A

the somatic NS and the autonomic NS

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7
Q

somatic NS function

A

controls conscious activities

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8
Q

autonomic NS functions

A

controls unconscious activites like digestion

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9
Q

autonomic NS is divided into

A

sympathetic NS and the parasympathetic NS

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10
Q

sympathetic NS function

A

controls fight or flight response by releasing noradrenaline

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11
Q

parasympathetic NS funciton

A

controls rest and digest response and release acetylcholine

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12
Q

location and function of the hypothalamus?

A

beneath the middle part of the brain
maintains body temperature at the normal level

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13
Q

pituitary gland location and function

A

beneath the hypothalamus
controlled by the hypothalamus - stimulates other glands to release hormones and releases 6 different hormones.

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14
Q

cerebrum structure and function

A

largest part of brain that is divided into 2 hemispheres
has a thin outer layer called the cerebral cortex
involved in vision, hearing, learning and thinking

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15
Q

medulla oblongata location and function

A

base of brain top of the spinal cord
automatically controls heart and breathing rate

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16
Q

cerebellum location and function

A

underneath the cerebrum abck of head
muscle coordination, posture and coordination of balance

17
Q

what is a reflex

A

where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond.

18
Q

rexlexes help organisms to

A

avoid damage to the body because they are rapid.

19
Q

blinking reflex - how does it work?

4 parts

A
  • sensory nerve endings in the cornea are stimulated by touch
  • a nerve impulse is sent along the sensory neurone to a relay neruone in the CNS
  • the impulse is then passed from the relay to motor neurones.
  • the motor neurones send impulses to effectors (orbicularis oculi muscles) that move the eyelids contract causing them to close quickly and prevents the eye from being damaged.
20
Q

knee jerk relex - how does it work?

3 points

A
  • stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle detect that the muscle is being stretched.
  • a nerve imoulse is passed along a sensory neurone which communicates directly with a motor neurone in the spinal cord
  • the motor neurone carries the nerve impulse ot the effector causing it to contract so the lower leg moves forward quickly.
21
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

when an organism is threathened it responds by

A

preparing the body for action - fight or flight.

22
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

nerve impulses from the sensory neurones arrive at?

A

the hypothalamus which activates both hormonal and nervous systems.

23
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

the pituitary gland is stimulated to release

A

the hormone ACTH which causes the cortex of the adrenal gland to release steroidal hormones.

24
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

the sympathetic nervous system is activated and triggers the release of

A

adrenaline from the adrenal medulla

25
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

adrenaline has the 5 following effects:

A
  • heart rate increases - blood is pumped around the body faster
  • muscles around the bronchiole relax - deeper breaths
  • glycogen converted into glucose - more available for muscles to respire
  • muscles in the artrioles supplying the skin and gut constrict so arterioles supporting the heart and lungs dilate for more oxygen.
  • erector pili muscles in the skin contract to make hairs stand - animal looks bigger.
26
Q

HEART RATE

the NS helps to control the heart rate: first step?

A

SAN generates electrical impulses that cause the cardiac muscles to contract

27
Q

HEART RATE

the rate at which the SAN fires is controlled by

A

the medulla oblongata in the brain (unconscious)

28
Q

HEART RATE

animals need to alter their heart rate to?

A

respond to internal stimuli

29
Q

HEART RATE

stimuli are detected by?

A

pressure and chemical receptors

30
Q

HEART RATE

what are baroreceptors

A

pressure receptors in the aorta and vena cava which are stimulated by high and low blood pressure

31
Q

HEART RATE

what are chemoreceptors?

A

chemical receptors in the aorta, carotid artery and themedulla which monitor oxygen, carbon diocide and pH levels in the blood.

32
Q

HEART RATE

final step?

A

electrical impulses from receptors are sent to the medulla along the sensory neurones - the medulla processes the information and sends impulses to the SAN along the motor neurones.

33
Q

HEART RATE

what happens when there is high blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors detect high blood pressure - impulses are sent to the medulla which sends impulses along the vagus nerve, which secretes acetylcholine and binds to the receptors on the SAN. cardiac muscles slow heart rate down to reduce pressure back to normal.

34
Q

HEART RATE

what happends when there is low blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors detect low blood pressure - impulses are sent to the medulla which sends impulses along the accelerator nerve, which secretes noradrenaline and binds to the receptors on the SAN. cardiac muscles increase heart rate down to increase pressure back to normal.

35
Q

HEART RATE

what happends when there is high blood o2 / low co2 / high pH

A

chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in blood - impulses are sent to the medulla, which sends impulses along the vagus nerve, secretes acetylcholine which binds to the receptors on the SAN.

36
Q

HEART RATE

what happends when there is low blood o2 / high co2 / low pH

A

chemoreceptors detect chemical changes in blood - impulses are sent to the medulla, which sends impulses along the accelerator nerve, secretes noradrenaline which binds to te receptors on the SAN.

37
Q

HEART RATE

the hormonal system also helps to control heart rate by

A

releasing adrenaline - binds to specific receptors in the heart and causes the cardiac muscles to contract more frequently and with more force so heart rate increases and heart pumps more blood.

OCR Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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