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Investigations > The Investigative Mindset > Flashcards

The Investigative Mindset Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to develop an investigative mindset?

A

Theoretical and experiential knowledge.

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2
Q

Which 4 key areas of knowledge, understanding and skills do you need to understand in relation to the investigative mindset?

A
  1. Core legislation
  2. The characteristics of crime (nature of crime and criminal behaviour)
  3. National policies and procedures
  4. Investigative techniques
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3
Q

What will you knowingly do if you have an investigative mindset?

A
  1. Apply a principled approach to the collection and evaluation of material
  2. Use logical and deductive reasoning techniques to progress the investigation
  3. Make investigative decisions appropriate to the case at stages throughout the investigative process
  4. Evaluate and validate your decision making to others
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4
Q

What are the two methods of criminal investigation ?

A

Reactive and proactive,
the stages of an investigation are consistent over the two methods and an investigative mindset is crucial investigative action in both.

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5
Q

What is the proactive method of criminal investigation?

A

The proactive method of investigation starts with information intelligence analysis indicating that an individual or a group of individuals are engaged in criminal activity.

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6
Q

What is the reactive method of criminal investigation ?

A

The reactive method starts with the discovery of a crime.

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7
Q

What is material?

A

Substance of any kind, including information and objects, sounds and images obtained in the course of a criminal investigation that has some bearing on any offence under investigation or any person being investigated, or on the surrounding circumstances of the case.
Whether material becomes information, intelligence or evidence is dependent on the use to which it is put.

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8
Q

What are 5 potential sources of material?

A
  1. Victims
  2. Witnesses
  3. Suspects
  4. Locations (incl. scene of crime and victim s or offender, premises
  5. CCTV recordings, telephone records, banking and credit card records, Intelligence databases
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9
Q

7 most common formats for material?

A
  1. Statements
  2. Documents
  3. Reports
  4. Physical exhibits such as weapons, clothing, stolen goods and biological or chemical material
  5. Fingerprints
  6. Images
  7. Audio or video recordings
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10
Q

What are 4 of the conditions around the admissibility of certain types of material (subparts2 of Evidence Act 2006)?

A
  1. Hearsay
  2. Statements of opinion
  3. Expert advice
  4. Improperly obtained material
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11
Q

What is the investigative mindset?

A

Attitude or state of mind that investigators develop over time. Values of respect, integrity and professionalism.

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12
Q

What are the 5 principles of applying the mindset?

A
  1. Understand the source of material
  2. Plan and prepare
  3. Examine all material
  4. Record and collate
  5. Evaluate
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13
Q

When applying the mindset, what does understanding the source of material (principle1) imply?

A

Knowing and understanding the origin of the material collected is essential to effectively examine it and to explain its characteristics and relevance to others

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14
Q

When applying principle 2 of the mindset, what 5 sources of material should be considered when starting a routine enquiry?

A
  1. Re interviewing witness/complainant
  2. Information sources, -NIA, Intel Office
  3. Local and government agencies
  4. Private businesses
  5. Scene examination
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15
Q

When applying the mindset what 4 things should your planning and preparation identify?

A
  1. How the collection of material will be maximized
  2. How legal, policy and procedural requirements are addressed
  3. How specialist or technical equipment or expertise is utilized
  4. How the most appropriate location to conduct the collection is prepared
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16
Q

When applying principle 3 of the mindset what 4 things must you ensure happens as part of the material collection process?

A
  1. Immediate action is taken in relation to quality and preservation of material
  2. It’s reliability is tested at the earliest opportunity
  3. Relevant records are made
  4. The material is appropriately stored
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17
Q

When applying the mindset principle 3 , the examination of material is usually divided in which 3 areas?

A
  1. Interpret
    (When material is examined an investigator interprets and draws inferences or logical conclusions as to its potential use in the investigation
  2. Clarify
  3. Challenge
18
Q

In applying the mindset principle 3, what does ABC stand for in relation to challenge?

A

Assume nothing
Believe nothing
Challenge everything

19
Q

When applying the mindset, what 5 decisions must be made following the examination of material ( principle 4 , record and collate)

A
  1. Examination records needed
  2. Storage required
  3. Security
  4. Access
  5. Conditions to be addressed for disclosure
20
Q

What 6 things does applying an investigative mindsets the collection of material ensure?

A
  1. The maximum amount of material is gathered
  2. It’s reliability is tested at the earliest opportunity
  3. Immediate action is taken in relation to it .
  4. Relevant records are made
  5. The material is appropriately stored
  6. Logical deductions are made
21
Q

What are the 3 types of evaluation inherent to an investigative mindset?

A

Investigative evaluation
Evidential evaluation
Self/peer evaluation

22
Q

What 4 things does an investigative evaluation determine (in relation to an investigative mindset)?

A
  • what is known
  • what is not known
  • consistencies
  • conflicts
23
Q

What 2 things does an evidential evaluation consider ( in relation to investigative mindset)?

A
  1. The overall strength of the case

2. Whether sufficient evidence exists against the offender to proceed to charge

24
Q

What 4 things does the self/peer evaluation address ( in relation to investigative mindset)?

A
  1. Review is assumptions decision making
  2. Records organization and management
  3. Information communication and dissemination
  4. Lessons learnt
25
Q

What is the difference between investigative evidential evaluation and self/peer evaluation ( in relation to investigative mindset)?

A

During an investigative evaluation, all available material is evaluated ( even though it may not be evidentially admissible).

When carrying out evidential evaluation, the strength of the case is evaluated taking into account only the evidentially admissible material.

Self/peer evaluation is a critical component of the practice of professionals.

26
Q

Which type of formal evaluation should greater emphasis be placed on in the early stages of an investigation (in an investigative mindset) ?

A

Investigative evaluation, to provide information and impetus to the investigation.

27
Q

Should the outcome of any evaluation be recorded?

A

Yes in all cases . If it s not possible to identify further investigative action spans existing lines of enquiry have been pursued, this should be clearly recorded.

28
Q

What are the 5 steps when undertaking an evaluation? (Investigative mindset)

A
  1. Set a purposeful objective
  2. Filter the material
  3. Organise knowledge
  4. Test interpretation
  5. Consider hypotheses
29
Q

How do you set a purposeful objective when undertaking an evaluation in an investigative mindset?

A

Begin by reviewing the material collected to determine what questions and/or problems can be identified

30
Q

Through which 3 filters do you filter information to examined material gathered for an investigative or evidential evaluation in the investigative mindset?

A

Relevance
Reliability
Admissibility

31
Q

When is material relevant when filtering material while undertaking an investigative or evidential evaluation in the investigative mindset?

A

Material is relevant when it has some bearing on the investigation or on any person being investigated or on the circumstances surrounding the case.
Material should only be excluded as irrelevant after consideration or consultation with others ie prosecutions, crown etc…

32
Q

What is the purpose reliability filter when undertaking evaluation (in the investigative mindset)?

A

It ensures independent corroboration of the material that is to be used as evidence for the prosecution is tested.
It ensures any potential problems have not been overlooked.

33
Q

Which evaluation in the investigative mindset requires the filter of admissibility?

A

An evidential evaluation, to help ensure the maximum amount of material will be available to the courts in an evidentially acceptable format.
Forethought and planning will maximise the material that will be accepted in evidence.

34
Q

How should you organise knowledge when undertaking an evaluation in the investigative mindset?

A

In a way that identifies gaps in the material collection from which to identify potential ones of enquiry.

35
Q

When organising knowledge while undertaking evaluation in the investigative mindset, what is the 5WH formula?

A 
Who
What
When 
Why
How
36
Q

When organising knowledge while undertaking evaluation in the investigative mindset, what are the 4 evaluative questions matched with the 5WH formula?

A
  • what is known?
  • what is not known?
  • what are the consistencies?
  • what are the conflicts?
37
Q

What is the result of organising knowledge in a rigorous and systematic fashion when undertaking knowledge in the investigative mindset?

A

The optimum information can be extracted, new questions can be formulated and new leads for inquiry identified.

38
Q

In the test interpretation when undertaking evaluation in the investigative mindset, what are 4 ways that can be taken, to test the validity of your decision making throughout the investigation?

A
  • self review
  • peer review ( team or supervisor)
  • expert review
  • formal review
39
Q

When undertaking evaluation in the investigative mindset, what is the definition of hypothesis?

A

A suggested explanation for a group of facts either accepted as a basis for further verification or accepted as likely to be true.
Building a scenario that best explains the available material.

40
Q

When are hypotheses of assistance while undertaking an evaluation in the investigative mindset?

A

When the amount of material available does not readily identify the action that can be taken to further the investigation .
In such cases hypotheses can assist to regain the momentum of the investigation generating new lines of enquiry.
Developing alternative hypotheses from the same material may direct further enquiriesthat can help to confirm whether the interpretation is likely to be true.
Will help guide decision making during the investigation and is a useful way of anticipating the type of interpretations that will be put on material in court.

41
Q

When developing hypotheses while undertaking evaluations in the investigative mindset, what is the purpose of hypotheses ?

A

Hypotheses should have a specific objective based on the gap of the conflict in evidence (ie how did the victim get home from the scene)
It should be a reasonable interpretation of the material available and should offer the most logical explanation of the facts as they are known. It is likely there will be a series of hypotheses each offering an alternative explanation.
Through the use of hypotheses the investigator is seeking to identify additional material or intel that would be the missing link and/ or link the suspect or a third party to its disposal.
Hypotheses are generally improved if they draw on the knowledge of experienced investigators.
Hypotheses are made through deliberate creative thinking.
Making judgement hypotheses can be difficult , for this reason hypotheses should only be used when absolutely necessary.

42
Q

What 4 attributes should an investigator have?

A
  • a keen sense of enquiry
  • advanced and wide ranging cognitive skills
  • a strong sense of justice and societal responsibility
  • self awareness and self control

Investigations (3 decks)

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