The internet Flashcards
While not all computer networks use internet technologies these das, most do. So, we could also call this topic
Networking
this exists when a device is connected to another device, if you r PC/MAC can ‘connect’ to another device you can pull up this courses home page, it is part of a_____
Computer network
________, connecting many private, business, academic, and government computers worldwide into an infrastructure upon which many services are delivered.
Network of networks
Millions of smaller digital networks linking a wide-range of intelligent devices (nodes)
the internet
Organizational networks connect to the internet through an _________ like Verizon, AT&T, Comcast, cogent
ISP (internet service provider)
Different portions owned by different entities
distributed ownership
computers communicating with each other via the internet need instruction set/rules that standardize communications
protocols
agreed upon set of rules or conventions governing communication among internet nodes
protocols
protocols are _______ agreed-up rules for doing something, they can be “codified” into software that is instaled on communication devices, such as your browser
protocols
the univesal use of protocols _____ and __enables the flow of data on the internet. They are commonly named together:
TCP, IP, TCP/IP
the internet has its own _____
- the protocol stack shown in this image
IT stack
How does protocol stack enable data communications?
ability to move data between different nodes on the internet. Higher levels rely on the proper function of the lower levels
to enable the client and server to communication with each other
what data is determined by the needs of the server
application
ensuring the data gets through. Interfacing the application with the network
transport
outing data through the pipes to get to its destination
NETWORK
the physical pipes are :
data link
physical
what is needed to enable a device to take part in a network?
a physical connection, the ability to transmit some type of physical signal that has an agreeed upon meaning
the link layer is responsible for ________
the movement of individual bits from one node to the next
How are the bits from one node to the next moved?
there must be a phhysical link between nodes to transfer electrical signals
there must be some device to create/recieve these signals
transmission medium can be:
Satellite, fiberoptic, ethernet cable
this layer is happy to send/ receive 1,0s- it does not care who asks it to do so
transmission medium
to participate, devices need a unique
hardware address
_____ addresses are physically attahed to a hardware device
Media Access Control (MAC)
responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers
network (internet) layer
what are the main functions of the network layer
addressing and routing
IP protocol is a set of rules for
defining the format of IP data packets
- routing and adressing
- interacting with the underlying data link/ physical laye rto move IP data packets
ip protocol define sthe components of
data packets
what holds a lot of additional info to help with moving data?
ip data packet
what is needed to move IP data packets
interenet addressing system
Instead of a physical address, the internet has a system of
software addresses
software address is also known as an
IP address
to create an IP address it needs to be ____ numbers separated by periods and represented by ____ bits
4, 8
what is a major problem in IPv4?
exhaustion of IPv4 addresses
routing of IP data packets (deciding which path to take to send an IP data packet toward the destination software address) is done via special computers called
routers
Routers on the internet have a ______, and communicate with other routers and computers using the internet protocol(ip)
public ip address
the IP protocol also defines ______ on the internet from any origin to any destination
rules for routing packets
routers do not _______ information on how to contact all points on the internet
posses perfect end-to-end
a_____ network design refers to the possibility of many alternate paths to route communication
fault-tolerant
a common transport layer protocol for the internet is the
TCP (transmision control protocol)
the focus of TCP is _____ communication
host-to-host
bytes that need to be sent between the client and server are grouped into _____, which are then given to the IP layer (network layer) for transmission to the destination
segments
TCP program breaks application data into segments. Segmenets are numbered. the stream of segments are then passed to a local IP program to be further packaged into IP data packets
Source host
TCP program recieves incoming IP data packets from local IP program, resemebles them into correct order and presents exactly what was sent to the waiting appliction
destination host
Source TCP and Destination TCP use ____ to verify what exactly what was sent was also recieved
Acknowledgements
TCP also manages the _____ of the message interchange
reliability
the main focus of the application layer is
session, aka session layer
what are e-mail, oice over, instant messaging examples of
services applications
interactive service supported by a global network of information servers that are connected to the internet
the world wide web
the WWW refers to the ____, whereas “the internet” refers to the underlying ____
content, infrastructure
resources on the web are identified by their:
URL (uniform,resource locator)
this includes the exact location of the resource on the web, the protocol necessary to access it, and, if necessary, more specific indentifiers
url
what part http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the protocol
http
what part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the domain name
www.example.com
which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the port
80, this is a well known port number and can be omitted when contacting a web server if you specify protocol
which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the path to the file?
/path/to/myfile.html
this indicates a specific resource on the server
which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the parameters
?key1=val1&key2=val2, further instructions to the web server
what part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc
is the anchor
somewhereinthedoc, a bookmark inside the resource to jump to
break down the domain name : www.gatech.edu
www- host, gatech- second-level domain, edu-top-level domain
fulfilling a specific function or providing access to a specific type of resources. By far most common is WWW
host
maps ‘readable’ domain names to difficult to remember and understand IP addresses that computer and network equipment use
the DNS
what does DNS stand for
Domain Name system
this protocol is used for exchanigng files via the internet
HTTPS
what does HTTPS stand for
HyperText, Transfer, protocol, s= encrypted
www communications use the _____-
HTTP
this is a set of rules for transferring files such as texts, images, sound, or videos, between a server and client over the internet
HTTP
What are two other protocols
FTP, POP
what is FTP
used for filed sharing
what is POP
popular procotol for transffering email messages
what is an intenret service provider (isp)
an organization or firm that provides access to the internet
what is hypertext transfer protocol
application transfer protocol that alllows web browsers and web servers to communicate with eachother
What is secure sockets layer (SSL)
security standard that creates an encrypted link between a web server and a browser.
What is load balancing
distributing a computing or networkinng workload across multiple systems to avoid congestion and slow performance
What is fault tolerance
the ability of a system to continue operation even if a component fails
What is a web hosting serbvices
a firm that provides hardware and services to run the website of others
Wha tis ICANN (internet corporation for assigning names and numbers)
nonprofit organization responsbile for managing the internets domain and numbering systems
What is a ccTLDs
Two character country code top-level domains
What is cybersquatting?
Aquiring a domain that refers to a firm, individual, product, or trademark with the goal of exploiting it for financial gain.
What is hypertext markup language
language used to compose web pages
what is IP address
value used to indentify a device that is connected to the internet
What is networking translation (NAT)
technique used to conserve IP addresses by mapping devices on a private network to a single internet-connected device that acts on their behalf
what is domain name. services?
internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable
