The internet Flashcards by Angelica Fernandez

While not all computer networks use internet technologies these das, most do. So, we could also call this topic

Networking

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this exists when a device is connected to another device, if you r PC/MAC can ‘connect’ to another device you can pull up this courses home page, it is part of a_____

Computer network

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________, connecting many private, business, academic, and government computers worldwide into an infrastructure upon which many services are delivered.

Network of networks

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Millions of smaller digital networks linking a wide-range of intelligent devices (nodes)

the internet

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Organizational networks connect to the internet through an _________ like Verizon, AT&T, Comcast, cogent

ISP (internet service provider)

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Different portions owned by different entities

distributed ownership

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computers communicating with each other via the internet need instruction set/rules that standardize communications

protocols

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agreed upon set of rules or conventions governing communication among internet nodes

protocols

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protocols are _______ agreed-up rules for doing something, they can be “codified” into software that is instaled on communication devices, such as your browser

protocols

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the univesal use of protocols _____ and __enables the flow of data on the internet. They are commonly named together:

TCP, IP, TCP/IP

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the internet has its own _____
- the protocol stack shown in this image

IT stack

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How does protocol stack enable data communications?

ability to move data between different nodes on the internet. Higher levels rely on the proper function of the lower levels

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to enable the client and server to communication with each other
what data is determined by the needs of the server

application

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ensuring the data gets through. Interfacing the application with the network

transport

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outing data through the pipes to get to its destination

NETWORK

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the physical pipes are :

data link
physical

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what is needed to enable a device to take part in a network?

a physical connection, the ability to transmit some type of physical signal that has an agreeed upon meaning

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the link layer is responsible for ________

the movement of individual bits from one node to the next

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How are the bits from one node to the next moved?

there must be a phhysical link between nodes to transfer electrical signals
there must be some device to create/recieve these signals

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transmission medium can be:

Satellite, fiberoptic, ethernet cable

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this layer is happy to send/ receive 1,0s- it does not care who asks it to do so

transmission medium

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to participate, devices need a unique

hardware address

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_____ addresses are physically attahed to a hardware device

Media Access Control (MAC)

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responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers

network (internet) layer

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what are the main functions of the network layer

addressing and routing

IP protocol is a set of rules for

defining the format of IP data packets - routing and adressing - interacting with the underlying data link/ physical laye rto move IP data packets

ip protocol define sthe components of

data packets

what holds a lot of additional info to help with moving data?

ip data packet

what is needed to move IP data packets

interenet addressing system

Instead of a physical address, the internet has a system of

software addresses

software address is also known as an

IP address

to create an IP address it needs to be ____ numbers separated by periods and represented by ____ bits

4, 8

what is a major problem in IPv4?

exhaustion of IPv4 addresses

routing of IP data packets (deciding which path to take to send an IP data packet toward the destination software address) is done via special computers called

routers

Routers on the internet have a ______, and communicate with other routers and computers using the internet protocol(ip)

public ip address

the IP protocol also defines ______ on the internet from any origin to any destination

rules for routing packets

routers do not _______ information on how to contact all points on the internet

posses perfect end-to-end

a_____ network design refers to the possibility of many alternate paths to route communication

fault-tolerant

a common transport layer protocol for the internet is the

TCP (transmision control protocol)

the focus of TCP is _____ communication

host-to-host

bytes that need to be sent between the client and server are grouped into _____, which are then given to the IP layer (network layer) for transmission to the destination

segments

TCP program breaks application data into segments. Segmenets are numbered. the stream of segments are then passed to a local IP program to be further packaged into IP data packets

Source host

TCP program recieves incoming IP data packets from local IP program, resemebles them into correct order and presents exactly what was sent to the waiting appliction

destination host

Source TCP and Destination TCP use ____ to verify what exactly what was sent was also recieved

Acknowledgements

TCP also manages the _____ of the message interchange

reliability

the main focus of the application layer is

session, aka session layer

what are e-mail, oice over, instant messaging examples of

services applications

interactive service supported by a global network of information servers that are connected to the internet

the world wide web

the WWW refers to the ____, whereas "the internet" refers to the underlying ____

content, infrastructure

resources on the web are identified by their:

URL (uniform,resource locator)

this includes the exact location of the resource on the web, the protocol necessary to access it, and, if necessary, more specific indentifiers

url

what part http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the protocol

http

what part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the domain name

www.example.com

which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the port

80, this is a well known port number and can be omitted when contacting a web server if you specify protocol

which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the path to the file?

/path/to/myfile.html this indicates a specific resource on the server

which part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the parameters

?key1=val1&key2=val2, further instructions to the web server

what part of http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=val1&key2=val2#somewhereinthedoc is the anchor

#somewhereinthedoc, a bookmark inside the resource to jump to

break down the domain name : www.gatech.edu

www- host, gatech- second-level domain, edu-top-level domain

fulfilling a specific function or providing access to a specific type of resources. By far most common is WWW

host

maps 'readable' domain names to difficult to remember and understand IP addresses that computer and network equipment use

the DNS

what does DNS stand for

Domain Name system

this protocol is used for exchanigng files via the internet

HTTPS

what does HTTPS stand for

HyperText, Transfer, protocol, s= encrypted

www communications use the _____-

HTTP

this is a set of rules for transferring files such as texts, images, sound, or videos, between a server and client over the internet

HTTP

What are two other protocols

FTP, POP

what is FTP

used for filed sharing

what is POP

popular procotol for transffering email messages

what is an intenret service provider (isp)

an organization or firm that provides access to the internet

what is hypertext transfer protocol

application transfer protocol that alllows web browsers and web servers to communicate with eachother

What is secure sockets layer (SSL)

security standard that creates an encrypted link between a web server and a browser.

What is load balancing

distributing a computing or networkinng workload across multiple systems to avoid congestion and slow performance

What is fault tolerance

the ability of a system to continue operation even if a component fails

What is a web hosting serbvices

a firm that provides hardware and services to run the website of others

Wha tis ICANN (internet corporation for assigning names and numbers)

nonprofit organization responsbile for managing the internets domain and numbering systems

What is a ccTLDs

Two character country code top-level domains

What is cybersquatting?

Aquiring a domain that refers to a firm, individual, product, or trademark with the goal of exploiting it for financial gain.

What is hypertext markup language

language used to compose web pages

what is IP address

value used to indentify a device that is connected to the internet

What is networking translation (NAT)

technique used to conserve IP addresses by mapping devices on a private network to a single internet-connected device that acts on their behalf

what is domain name. services?

internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable