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Anatomy and Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin- cutaneous membrane

Accessory structures

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2
Q

How many layers does the skin have?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

The epidermis (superficial epithelium)
Dermis (underlying layers connective tissue)
Hypodermis (loose connective tissue)

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4
Q

What is the name of the tissue of the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes and melanocytes

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6
Q

What are the five layers that can be found in the epidermis? In order

A 
Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum or basale
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7
Q

Explain some characteristics of stratum corneum

A 
15-30 rows of dead flat cells 
Keratinization occurs 
Intermediate filaments 
Superficial layer cells
Forms protective waterproof covering
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8
Q

Explain some characteristics of stratum lucidum

A

Found in thick skin only
Clear layer
Keratinocytes flat packed together filled with keratin

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9
Q

Explain some characteristics stratum granulosum

A

Darkly stained layer containing 3-5 rows keratinocytes have stopped dividing
Keratinocytes begin to die and dehydrate

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10
Q

Explain some characteristics of stratum spinosum

A

8-10 rows of spiny shaped keratinocytes held together by desmosomes
Langerhan cells function in immune response
Attack microorganisms that enter superficial layer

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11
Q

Explain some characteristics of stratum germinativum/basale

A

Single layer attached to basement membrane seperates epidermis and dermis
Location of melanocytes
Protects keratinocytes from UV rays

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12
Q

What is the type of tissue found in the dermis? What else is contained in the dermis

A

Connective tissue contains blood vessels and accessory structures

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the dermis? In order

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Hypodermis

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14
Q

Explain what the papillary layer of the dermis is made of and what it contains

A

Made of areolar CT
Contains capillaries and sensory nerves
Contains finger like projections called papillae
Gives ridge like patterns to skin fingerprints

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15
Q

Explain what the reticular layer of the dermis is made of and what it does

A 
Composed of dense irregular CT 
Contains sensory receptors 
Contains blood vessels 
Contains hair follicles 
Fiber bundles responsible for "lines of cleavage"
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16
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

Composed of areolar CT and adipose tissue

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17
Q

Explain what lines of cleavage means

A

Collagen and elastic fibers are arranged in parallel bundles
Oriented to resist forces applied to skin during movement

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18
Q

What is the clinical significance to cutting parallel to a line of cleavage

A

Will heal w/little scarring

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19
Q

What would be the clinical significance to cutting perpendicular to a line of cleavage

A

Creates scarring b/c wound will remain open

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20
Q

How are stretch marks formed?

A

Formed when elastic properties of the skin are exceeded damage to dermis

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21
Q

What are the two pigments responsible for skin color?

A

Carotene and melanin

22
Q

What is the color of carotene

A

Orange yellow pigment

23
Q

What is the color of melanin

A

Brown, yellow-brown or black

24
Q

The pigment melanin is manufactured in cells called ___? In the ____ layer of the epidermis.

A

Melanocytes

Stratum basale

25
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

Protects epidermis and dermis from harmful effects of sunlight

26
Q

Where is hair not located on the human body?

A

Sides and soles of feet palms of hand sides of fingers and toes lips

27
Q

What are the 2 types of hairs?

A

Vellus hairs and terminal hairs

28
Q

Explain what a vellus hair is where it is

A

Fine hairs located over much of the body surface

29
Q

Explain what a terminal hair is where it is

A

Heavy deeply pigmented and sometimes curly

*some vellus hairs will become terminal hairs at puberty

30
Q

What determines hair color?

A

Determined by pigment produced by melanocytes at the papilla
Dark brown, yellow brown, or red

31
Q

Explain how hair growth works

A

Hair root cells absorb and incorporate nutrients into growing hair

32
Q

Explain how hair is replaced what is a club hair?

A

Hair in an inactive follicle-club hair new hair will push the old one out

33
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Insulation
Protection from uv light
Prevents entry of foreign particles
Sensory receptors

34
Q

What do glands do?

A

Produce exocrine secretions

35
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Sebaceous

Sudoriferous

36
Q

What do sebaceous glands do?

A

They are oil glands
Holocrine glands discharge oily lipid secretions into hair follicles
Produce sebum which inhibits growth of bacteria lubricates and protects hair shaft

37
Q

What do sudoriferous glands do?

A

Sweat producing glands

38
Q

What are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

39
Q

Explain what a eccrine sweat gland does (merocrine sweat gland)

A

Discharge secretions directly to surface of skin
Produces watery perspiration
Cooling surface of skin
Excretions of water & electrolytes protection from microorganisms

40
Q

Explain what a sudoriferous sweat gland does, where do you find them in the body?

A

Secretes products into hair follicles
Sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion
Begin secreting at puberty
Armpits, nipples, pubic region

41
Q

Explain the purpose of nails

A

Protect exposed dorsal surface of tips of fingers and toes

42
Q

What does the integumentary system do that correlates with the digestive system

A

Synthesis of vitamin D essential for normal calcium and phosphorus absorption

43
Q

The synthesis of vitamin D is important to the digestive system and the integumentary system but what are the 3 other systems its important to?

A

Skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system

44
Q

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the skeletal system

A

Bone maintenance and growth

45
Q

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the muscular system?

A

Necessary for muscle contraction

46
Q

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the endocrine system

A

Hormone production

47
Q

Explain how the integumentary system and the nervous system are related

A

Receptors in deep epidermis and dermis provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain

48
Q

Explain how the integumentary system and the cardiovascular system are related

A

Can stimulate localized changes in blood flow

49
Q

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the lymphoid system

A

Provides physical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens

50
Q

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the respiratory system

A

Guard nasal cavity

51
Q

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the urinary system

A

Assists in excretion of water and solutes can also limit fluid loss through the skin

52
Q

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the reproductive system

A

Covers external genitalia and provides sensations that stimulate sexual behaviors

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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