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Anatomy and Physiology > Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure > Flashcards

Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Movement
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2
Q

Explain what a long bone is give examples

A

Relatively long and slender greater in length and width

Arm, forearm, thigh, legs, fingers, toes

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3
Q

Explain what a short bone is give examples

A

Cube like greater in width then length

Wrist and ankle bones

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4
Q

Explain what a flat bone is and give examples

A

Thin and flat sternum, skull bones, ribs

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5
Q

Explain what an irregular bone is and give examples

A

Complex shapes

Sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, temporal bone, vertebrae, os coxae(pelvis)

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6
Q

Explain what a sesamoid bone is give example

A

“Sesame seed” shaped

Patella

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7
Q

Explain what a sutural bone is give examples

A

Small flat & irregularly shaped

Located between flat bones of skull

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8
Q

In the structure of a long bone what are the epiphysis?

A

The ends of the bone

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9
Q

In the structure of a long bone what is the diaphysis?

A

Long middle part of the bone

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10
Q

What kind of cartilage is found at the epiphysis of a long bone where the joint would be found?

A

Articular cartilage

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11
Q

What is the periosteum of a long bone what are its three main functions?

A

Surrounds bone made of fibrous and cellular layer

  1. Protection
  2. Growth and repair
  3. Provides route for blood vessel entry
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12
Q

What is the endosteum of a long bone where is it found?

A

Lines marrow cavity connective tissue and cells growth repair

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13
Q

Explain what the marrow cavity of a long bone is what does it contain?

A

“Medullary” contains yellow marrow= fat

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14
Q

Explain what spongy bone is where do you find it in a long bone?

A

Cancellous and trabecular porous contains red marrow found in ends of long bone

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15
Q

Explain what compact bone is where do you find it in a long bone?

A

Dense smooth bone surrounds bone deep to periosteum

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16
Q

What is the structure of flat, short, and irregular bones?

A

Spongy bone sandwich
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone

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17
Q

What does bone histology mean?

A

The microscopic structure of bone

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18
Q

What is the basic functional unit of mature compact bone

A

The osteon

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19
Q

An arrangement of osteocytes in lacunae in concentric circles is a ___

A

Osteon or haversian system

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20
Q

The central canal of an osteon contains what?

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

The osteocyte in an osteon is located in the ___

A

In lacunae

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22
Q

In an osteon what is the canaliculi?

A

Small passageways that link lacunae to the Haversian canal

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23
Q

In an osteon what are the lamellae?

A

Matrix rings

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24
Q

Spongy bone forms struts and plates called ___

A

Trabeculae

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25
Q

What are volkmans canals?

A

Perforating canal runs horizontally

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26
Q

If a Haversian canal becomes blocked with age, how would this affect the osteocyte?

A

Osteocytes would die b/c lack of nutrients

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27
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
*cells that chew bone (break it down )

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28
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor cell?

A

Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts bone stem cells

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29
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix (bone builders)

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30
Q

What is an osteocyte? Where is it located? What does it maintain?

A

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix
Housed in lacunae
Maintains protein and mineral content of bone

31
Q

How much of the bone composition is made of cells?

A

About 2%

32
Q

Is the matrix of cells abundant or non-abundant?

A

Matrix

33
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone? What does it provide to the bone flexibility or strength?

A

Calcium & phosphorus salts
Hydroxyapatites ~65%
Provides strength to bone matrix

34
Q

What are the organic components of bone? What does it provide to the bone flexibility or strength?

A

Carbon and hydrogen
Collagen fibers ~35%
Tough yet flexible provides tolerance to distortion

35
Q

When does bone formation= ossification occur?

A

~6 weeks after fertilization

36
Q

What are the two types of bone formation?

A

Intra-membranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

37
Q

How many steps are there to intra-membranous ossification?

A

4

38
Q

Explain the first step of intra membranous ossification

A
  1. Ossification center formed in fibrous membrane
39
Q

Break down the first step of intra membranous ossification into 3 steps what’s the first step

A

A. Embryonic cells cluster in the fibrous membrane and form matrix by secreting collagen fibers

40
Q

Break down the first step of intra membranous ossification into 3 steps what is the 2nd step

A

B. the embryonic cells develop into osteoblasts

41
Q

Break down the first step of intramembranous ossification into 3 steps what is the 3rd step

A

C. This group of osteoblasts forms an ossification center

42
Q

Explain the 2nd step of intramembranous ossification

A

Osteocytes deposit mineral salts

43
Q

Break down the second step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the first step?

A

A. Osteoblasts develop into osteocytes osteocytes deposit calcium salts in matrix (calcification)

44
Q

Break down the second step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the second step

A

Blood vessels penetrate to provide nutrients

45
Q

Explain the 3rd step of intramembranous ossification

A

Formulation of trabeculae

46
Q

Break down the 3rd step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the first step

A

Bony plates called trabeculae grow from the ossification center into the matrix

47
Q

Break down the 3rd step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the second step?

A

Blood vessels may become trapped

48
Q

Explain the 4th step of intramembranous ossification

A

Periosteum surrounds the entire bone

49
Q

Break down the 4th step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the first step

A

Spongy bone is formed initially and is remodeled to produce compact bone

50
Q

Break down the 4th step of intramembranous ossification into 2 steps what is the second step?

A

Periosteum develops around the bone

51
Q

What is the key point of intramembranous ossification

A

Bones are built from a fibrous connective tissue membrane

52
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

How long bones are formed

53
Q

What is the key point of endochondral ossification?

A

Bones are built from a hyaline cartilage model

54
Q

How many steps are there to endochondral ossification?

A

5

55
Q

What is the first step of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Cartilage model enlarges
56
Q

What is the second step of endochondral ossification?

A

Blood vessels grow around edges

57
Q

What is the third step of endochondral ossification?

A

Invasion of vessels and formation of marrow cavity. Primary ossification center formed in diaphysis.

58
Q

Explain the 4th step of endochondral ossification

A

Secondary ossification centers formed in epiphysis
~time of birth for some bones
Marrow cavity created as osteoclasts become active

59
Q

Explain the 5th step of endochondral ossification

A

Remaining cartilage

60
Q

How do bones grow in width what is this called?

A

Appositional growth

Cells of the periosteum- osteoblasts add layers of bone

61
Q

How do bones grow in length what is it called?

A

Epiphyseal growth on epiphyseal plate

62
Q

What is the difference between the epiphyseal line and the epiphyseal line?

A

The epiphyseal line is when the growth in length has completely stopped

63
Q

What is the age at which bone growth in length ends?

A

18-25 years

64
Q

Why does bone growth in length end? How?

A

Epiphyseal cartilage has closed and formed the epiphyseal line b/c bone production became greater than cartilage growth

65
Q

Dealing with the dynamic nature of bone when components are recycled and renewed during life it allows for changes in what?

A

In shape and adjustment to stress

66
Q

Dealing with the dynamic nature of bone, bone is deposited by ____ and reabsorbed by _____

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

67
Q

How does nutrition affect bone growth? What are some of the vitamins?

A

Calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D: necessary for absorption of Ca2+ in gut
Vitamin A, C, K, B12: stimulates osteoblasts of protein synthesis

68
Q

How does growth hormone effect bone growth?

A

Promotes growth of bone by stimulating osteoblasts

69
Q

How does the thyroid hormone affect bone growth?

A

Promotes bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

70
Q

How does the sex hormone affect bone growth?

A

Testosterone & estrogen stimulate bone growth

71
Q

How does the hormone calcitonin affect bone growth?

A

Works to decrease blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoblasts

72
Q

How does the parathyroid hormone affect bone growth?

A

Works to increase blood Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclasts

73
Q

How does exercise bone growth?

A

Stimulates bone growth

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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