The Integumentary System Flashcards
Identify the layers of the epidermis (stratum: layer)
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
Describe the location of the dermis
the dermis (a connective tissue layer) is located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Where are the capillaries and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis located?
The capillaries and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis are located in the papillary layer of the dermis.
What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching?
Elastic fibers and the flexibility and resilience of skin turgor allow the dermis to undergo repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling(returning to its original shape).
In what layer of the skin are melanocytes found?
Melanocytes are found in the stratum basale
Identify two types of exocrine glands found in the skin
sebaceous glands and sweat glands
What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?
The functions of sebaceous secretions (called sebum) are to lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, lubricate and condition the surrounding skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria
Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland
Deodorants are used to mask the odor of apocrine sweat gland secretions, which contain several kinds of organic compounds. Some of these compounds have an odor, and others produce an odor when metabolized by skin bacteria.
Which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty?
Apocrine sweat glands enlarge and increase secretory activity in response to the increase in sex hormones that occurs at puberty
What makes fingernails hard?
Keratin
which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?
stratum basale and stratum spinosum
What are the 2 basic factors that interact to produce skin color?
circulation and pigment concentration
What does the skin do?
maintains normal body temp
excretes salts, wastes, and water
detects sensory information
Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- stimulates repair of epidermis
- accelerates keratin production
- stimulates division of cells in stratum basale
What stimulates the production of melanin?
exposure to the sun’s UV radiation and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of ________.
the different levels of melanin synthesis
The integument synthesizes and/or produces_____.
melanin, keratin, vitamin D
When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a _____may form.
bruise
The integumentary system protects us from:
- large temperature changes
- Ultra-violet radiation
- fluid loss
The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?
dense irregular connective tissue
What is the dark brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by pigment cells in the stratum basale?
melanin
What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?
dermis and epidermis
What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?
type of melanin present
Special smooth muscles in the that produce ‘goose bumps’ when they contract are called _______.
arrector pili
Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?
sebaceous gland
Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves ______.
to cool the surface of the skin, reduce body temperature, and
What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?
hypodermis
(contains adipose and areolar tissue)
The eccrine sweat gland functions in ______.
thermoregulation
When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by_______.
an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin
The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called _______.
sebum
Hair turns gray or white because of ______.
decreased melanocyte activity
Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?
armpits, nipples, and pubic region
What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?
root hair plexus
Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?
sebum
Stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues is an important function of the _____.
hypodermis
The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it _____.
has a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs
Which type of gland produces earwax (cerumen)?
ceruminous gland
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs:
- shock absorption
- energy reserve
- insulation
What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?
areolar and adipose
The term that refers to the bluish coloration of the skin is_____.
cyanosis
The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are ____.
terminal hairs
The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is ____.
MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the _____.
external auditory canal
A thick, raised area of scar tissue that grows into the tissue surrounding an injury site is called___.
keloid
Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.
second-degree
psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormally increased mitotic activity in the ____.
stratum basale
Nail production begins at the _____.
nail root
The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the ____.
eponychium or cuticle
A thick, raised area of scar tissue that grows into the tissue surrounding an injury site is called __________.
a keloid
A decrease in the number of _____leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.
Langerhans cells
The primary benefit of having fingernails and toenails is ______.
to protect the dorsal surface of tips of the fingers and toes
The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the____
eponychium or cuticle
What change in the integument causes older people to be more sensitive to hot temperatures?
decreased glandular activity
The color of the nail bed underneath the body of the nail is due to _____.
blood vessels
The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the ____.
migratory phase
Bone strength and density decrease as a person ages. There are multiple factors that can cause this. What change in the integumentary system can contribute to this?
Vitamin D3 production decreases
How do third degree burns differ from first- and second degree burns?
In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.
Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and lifethreatening?
The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system
Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss?
burns
Which of the following statements describes the immediate response of the skin to an injury?
Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.
The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.
erythema
Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?
warts
A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.
Langerhans cells
The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.
scar tissue
The stage of repair of deep skin injury in which epidermal cells migrate under the scab is called the __________.
proliferation phase
