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BIOL 2401 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the layers of the epidermis (stratum: layer)

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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2
Q

Describe the location of the dermis

A

the dermis (a connective tissue layer) is located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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3
Q

Where are the capillaries and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis located?

A

The capillaries and sensory nerve fibers that supply the epidermis are located in the papillary layer of the dermis.

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4
Q

What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching?

A

Elastic fibers and the flexibility and resilience of skin turgor allow the dermis to undergo repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling(returning to its original shape).

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5
Q

In what layer of the skin are melanocytes found?

A

Melanocytes are found in the stratum basale

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6
Q

Identify two types of exocrine glands found in the skin

A

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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7
Q

What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?

A

The functions of sebaceous secretions (called sebum) are to lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, lubricate and condition the surrounding skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria

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8
Q

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland

A

Deodorants are used to mask the odor of apocrine sweat gland secretions, which contain several kinds of organic compounds. Some of these compounds have an odor, and others produce an odor when metabolized by skin bacteria.

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9
Q

Which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty?

A

Apocrine sweat glands enlarge and increase secretory activity in response to the increase in sex hormones that occurs at puberty

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10
Q

What makes fingernails hard?

A

Keratin

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11
Q

which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

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12
Q

What are the 2 basic factors that interact to produce skin color?

A

circulation and pigment concentration

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13
Q

What does the skin do?

A

maintains normal body temp
excretes salts, wastes, and water
detects sensory information

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14
Q

Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A
  • stimulates repair of epidermis
  • accelerates keratin production
  • stimulates division of cells in stratum basale
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15
Q

What stimulates the production of melanin?

A

exposure to the sun’s UV radiation and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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16
Q

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of ________.

A

the different levels of melanin synthesis

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17
Q

The integument synthesizes and/or produces_____.

A

melanin, keratin, vitamin D

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18
Q

When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a _____may form.

A

bruise

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19
Q

The integumentary system protects us from:

A
  • large temperature changes
  • Ultra-violet radiation
  • fluid loss
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20
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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21
Q

What is the dark brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by pigment cells in the stratum basale?

A

melanin

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22
Q

What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

A

dermis and epidermis

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24
Q

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?

A

type of melanin present

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25
Q

Special smooth muscles in the that produce ‘goose bumps’ when they contract are called _______.

A

arrector pili

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26
Q

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

A

sebaceous gland

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27
Q

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves ______.

A

to cool the surface of the skin, reduce body temperature, and

28
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

A

hypodermis
(contains adipose and areolar tissue)

29
Q

The eccrine sweat gland functions in ______.

A

thermoregulation

30
Q

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by_______.

A

an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

31
Q

The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called _______.

A

sebum

32
Q

Hair turns gray or white because of ______.

A

decreased melanocyte activity

33
Q

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

A

armpits, nipples, and pubic region

34
Q

What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?

A

root hair plexus

35
Q

Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?

A

sebum

36
Q

Stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues is an important function of the _____.

A

hypodermis

37
Q

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it _____.

A

has a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

38
Q

Which type of gland produces earwax (cerumen)?

A

ceruminous gland

39
Q

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs:

A
  • shock absorption
  • energy reserve
  • insulation
40
Q

What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?

A

areolar and adipose

41
Q

The term that refers to the bluish coloration of the skin is_____.

A

cyanosis

42
Q

The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are ____.

A

terminal hairs

43
Q

The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is ____.

A

MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

44
Q

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the _____.

A

external auditory canal

45
Q

A thick, raised area of scar tissue that grows into the tissue surrounding an injury site is called___.

A

keloid

46
Q

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.

A

second-degree

47
Q

psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormally increased mitotic activity in the ____.

A

stratum basale

48
Q

Nail production begins at the _____.

A

nail root

49
Q

The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the ____.

A

eponychium or cuticle

50
Q

A thick, raised area of scar tissue that grows into the tissue surrounding an injury site is called __________.

A

a keloid

51
Q

A decrease in the number of _____leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

A

Langerhans cells

52
Q

The primary benefit of having fingernails and toenails is ______.

A

to protect the dorsal surface of tips of the fingers and toes

53
Q

The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the____

A

eponychium or cuticle

54
Q

What change in the integument causes older people to be more sensitive to hot temperatures?

A

decreased glandular activity

55
Q

The color of the nail bed underneath the body of the nail is due to _____.

A

blood vessels

56
Q

The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the ____.

A

migratory phase

57
Q

Bone strength and density decrease as a person ages. There are multiple factors that can cause this. What change in the integumentary system can contribute to this?

A

Vitamin D3 production decreases

58
Q

How do third degree burns differ from first- and second degree burns?

A

In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.

59
Q

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and lifethreatening?

A

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system

60
Q

Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss?

A

burns

61
Q

Which of the following statements describes the immediate response of the skin to an injury?

A

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

62
Q

The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.

A

erythema

63
Q

Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?

A

warts

64
Q

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

A

Langerhans cells

65
Q

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.

A

scar tissue

66
Q

The stage of repair of deep skin injury in which epidermal cells migrate under the scab is called the __________.

A

proliferation phase

BIOL 2401 (11 decks)

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