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MSK II (Histology) > The Integument > Flashcards

The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Integument System do for the body (4 Things)

A
  • Provides Protection (Physical/Chemical/Barrier)
  • Sensation and Excretion
  • Thermoregulation
  • Synthesis of Vit D
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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Integument System?

What additional part is sometimes added?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Fascia)

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3
Q

What type of Tissue is the Epidermis?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

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4
Q

What cell’s predominate the Epidermis?

and what is difference of these cell’s as they are in the outermost border?

A

Keratinocytes

Lack Nuclei and other Organelles (Full of Keratin)

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5
Q

What are the layers of Thick Skin? (From most Superficial to most Basal)

And Where is this Found?

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale

Palms and Soles (Fingerprints)

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6
Q

What are the Layers of Thin Skin (Most Superficial to Most Basal)

Where is this Found?

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale

All over the body (With Glands and Hair Follicles)

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7
Q

What is this Cell Type?

A

Stratum Basale

Stains Dark (Melanocytes)

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8
Q

For Stratum Basale List:

Shapes of Cells within?

What does it do?

What is it bound by?

How many Layers?

A

Its Cuboidal and Low Columnar Cells

It is Mitotically Active - so it creates new cells that migrate up and replenish old ones.

it is bound on top by Desmosomes and on bottom by Hemidesmosomes to Dermis (Dense Irregular Tissue)

A Single Layer of Keratinocytes

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9
Q

What is this Cell Type?

A

Stratum Spinosum

(Several Layers Thick)

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10
Q

For Stratum Spinosum

How many layers?

what type of cells encompass it? and Shape?

What does it do?

A

Several Layers thick

Containes Polyhedral Keratinocytes that have Spiny Processes

It creates thick layers that due to pressure produce Corns and Calluses.

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11
Q

What is this Cell Type?

(The G)

A

Stratum Granulosum

Has Irregular Shape

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12
Q

For Stratum Granulosum

What is this layer known for?

What do the Keratinocytes here contain?

A

Having the thickest layer of non-keratinized cells in the epidermis - but has TONS of Granules

They have Keratohyalin Granules - stains very basophilic

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13
Q

What is Keratohyalin Granules a precursor of?

A

Filaggrin

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14
Q

What is this Cell Type? (Black Arrow)

A

Stratum Corneum

(Most Superficial Layer)

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15
Q

For Stratum Corneum

What do the cells do here?

What is the Plasma Membrane coated with?

How many layers here for Thick vs Thin?

A

They get rid of their Nucleus and Organelles and flatten out while filling themselves with Keratin. They are also continously shed.

coated with an EC Layer of Lipids that form the water barrier of Epidermis

Thick: 15-40 Layers

Thin: 10-20 Layers

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16
Q

What is the Cell type inbetween Stratum Corneum and Stratum Granulosum?

what letter does this layer reside on top of (In the picture)?

A

Stratum Lucidum (Part of Stratum Corneum)

(Where the G is pointed)

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17
Q

For Stratum Lucidum

Is in what type of Skin?

How does it stain?

What do the Keratinocytes lack here?

A

Thick Skin

Stains poor, and is transulucent

They Lack Organelles and a Nucleus - to be full of Keratin

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18
Q

What do Keratinocytes undergo?

A

They undergo Keratinization and Desquamation (Shed over time) - they also produce ‘cornified’ cells that are full of keratin.

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19
Q

What changes do we see as cells go more superficial?

A

We see changes in Morphology

Changes in cell components

Increase in Keratin

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20
Q

Where do tonofibrils form?

(and what are they?)

A

In the Basal Layer

Bundles of Intermediate Fil. (Keratin) <– continues to happen more in more superficial layer

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21
Q

What are Lamellar Bodies?

A

Fatty Based Granules that contribute to the Water Barrier

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22
Q

What is happening in a Spinous Cell?

A

Keratin Synthesis continuation

Forming Glycolipid-Cont. Lamellar Bodies

start synthesis of Keratohyalin

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23
Q

Where do we Discharge Lamellar Bodies?

A

In Granular Cells to form Water Barrier (Stratum Granulosum)

24
Q

What does Filaggrin do?

A

Assists with formation of Tonofibrils (Keratin Filaments) to help make Keratin

Starts to lose Nucleus/organelles as well?

25
Q

What helps to change cells to be full of Keratin?

Why?

A

pH

The increase in acidity is required to lose Nucleus and Lose Organelles as well as ECM connections causing it to be flat (Which allows cells to be sheared off)

26
Q

Where does the Water Barrier get released?

A

occurs at Stratum Granulosum and Stratum Corneum

27
Q

From What are Melanocytes derived from?

A

Neural Crest Cells

28
Q

What is an Epidermal-Melanin Unit?

A

Where a melanocyte is associated with a number of Keratinocytes (which are greater in #) and transfers Melanin to them.

AKA premalnosomes to melanosomes

29
Q

Besides pigmentation why is Melanin produced?

A

Forms Dark Umbrellas – It Shields Nucleus from the Sun and UV

This is why we tan!

30
Q

How is Melanin produced?

A

By Oxidation of Tyrosine into DOPA (3,4 DHPA) by Tyrosinase

and then DOPA is Polymerized into Melanin

Tyrosinase is UV Sensitive

31
Q

When we have Melanocytes that get Increaesd Sun Exposure they create what?

A

Premelanosomes

32
Q

Premelanosomes form what, and these do what?

A

form Melanosome(s) [due lots of melanin production]

which in turn Extends into the Cell Processes of Melanocytes

and then these are phagocytosed by Keratinocytes to get pigment [Pigment Donation]

AKA: Epidermal-Melanin Unit

33
Q

Why are Melanomas super aggresive?

A

Because they Migrate

34
Q

What are Langerhans Cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

35
Q

What are Langerhans Cells?

A

APC’s that provide defense against pathogens. Thse then migrate to lymph nodes to activate T-Cells

36
Q

Where are Langerhans Cells found?

how do they stain?

A

in Stratum Spinosum

a pale cytoplasm with long processes

(The L)

37
Q

What do Merkel Cells function in?

A

Cutaneous Sensation (its a single cell that works with a Nerve Ending)

DISEASE: Merkel Cell Carcinoma

(Rare - highly aggressive)

38
Q

Where are Merkel Cells found?

A

in Stratum Basale

39
Q

Describe the Function of Dermal-Epidermal Junction?

A

an Uneven boundary (Fairly wavy)

with a Finger-like Dermal Papillae that goes into the Epidermis

Epidermal Ridge - protrusions

both of these give teeth to this junction to make it harder to tear the two apart. (good for Mechanical Stress)

40
Q

What Cell Junctions are in Dermal-Epidermal Junctions?

A

Hemidesmosomes and Focal Adhesions help to anchor Epi to Dermis.

41
Q

What causes Fingerprints?

A

Dermal Ridges (in Thick Skin)

42
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?

A

Papillary Layer (superficial) [Loose Areolar CT]

Reticular Layer (deeper)

43
Q

What is in the Papillary Layer?

A

Lots of Vasculature and Nerve Endings

has Dermal Papilla and Ridges in it.

44
Q

What is in the Reticular Layer?

A

Less Cellular material

its a Thicker Irregular Layer of Type 1 Collagen and Elastic Fibers

Forms Langers Lines (Lines of Tension)

45
Q

In Surgery cutting along what, helps the patient heal more efficiently in surgery?

A

Langer’s Lines of the Reticular Layer

46
Q

What is in Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Fascia)?

A

Adipose Tissue, that varies in thickness.

lots of Arrector Pili Muscles –> (Hair Follicles)

47
Q

Where are Meissner’s Corpuscle found?

What do they do?

A

In Dermis within Dermal Papilla

Respond to low - freq stimuli (reading Braile)

48
Q

Where are Pacinian Corpuscles found?

What do they Detect?

A

Deeper portions of Integument - Dermal Junction to hypodermis (embedded in Fat sometimes)

Detect Pressure and Vibration! (Mylinated N is in center of Corpuscle)

49
Q

Where do Free Nerve Endings terminate?

Why Free?

What do they help with?

A

In Stratum Granulosum

Don’t have CT

Fine Touch, Heat, Cold, Pain - Hair movements (Mechanoreceptors)

50
Q

What are the Types of Glands of Skin?

A

Sebaceous Glands

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Aprocine Sweat Glands

51
Q

What are Characterisitics of Sebaceous Glands?

A

On the Face and Scalp

Produce a Lipid Mixt. (sebum) via Holocrine Secretion

form Pilosebaceous Canal when discharged into hair follicle

52
Q

Types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

A

Eccrine (Merocrine) - over entire body except lip and external genitalia

Apocrine - in Axilla, Nipple, around Anus, external Genitalia, in ear canal

53
Q

Describe Eccrine Sweat Glands?

(The S)

A

Simple, Coiled Glands

big in Thermoregulation

subject to Cholinergic Reg.

Myoepithelial Cells release secretions.

54
Q

Describe Apocrine Sweat Glands?

A

Large-Lumens

uses Merocrine Secretion

Secretion is Protein, Carb, Ammocia rich Secretion – causes smell when mixed with bacteria

Myoepithelial Cells - facilitate expulsion of secretions

Functional at Puberty

55
Q

Parts of Hair Follicles

A

Infundibulum

Follicular Bulge

Bulb

Hair Matrix

56
Q

Parts of Hair Shaft

A

Medulla

Cortex

Cuticle

57
Q

Parts of Nails

A

Nail Root

Nail Matrix

Lunula

Cuticle

MSK II (Histology) (4 decks)

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