Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 IHP > The Innate Immune system > Flashcards

The Innate Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Why we need an immune reponse

A

prevent infection & cancer

remove dead or non-functioning components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 Pathogen classifications

A

Virus - hijacks host

Bacterium - prokaryote

Fungus - euaryote

Protozoal parasite - multiple hosts

Multicellular parasite - multiple life cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathogen definition

A

disease causing microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the bodies physical barriers

A

Skin, Cilia, hair, mucosal surfaces, urine/tears (flushing), peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the skin prevent disease

A
  • Sebaceous glands make oils preventing life

- desquamation (skin sheading)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do mucosal surfaces prevent disease

mouth, lungs, GI tract ect

A
  • Anti microbial proteins

- Protective gut bacteria that outcompete pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what immune cells are found in the GI tract

A

Laminar propria (villi like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical defence examples

A
  • lysozyme (saliva)
  • Stomach acid
  • urinary tract flushing
  • mucus lining
  • rapid pH change in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Flora?

A

various microorganisms that live in the body without causing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do Flora do

A

make it harder for other pathogens to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the order of defence in the body

A

1st - skin/mucosal layers
2nd - innate immune system
3rd - adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are cytokines

A

cell signalling molecules (proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 2 groups of cytokines

A

pro-inflammatory (IS activating)

anti-inflammatory (dampen IS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 different types of cytokine

A

Interleukins

Interferons

chemkines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do interleukins do

A

target leukocytes allowing communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do interferons do

A

prompt anti viral response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do chemokines do

A

mediate cellular chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

can cytokines have different Reponses on different cells?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

can cytokines work together to increase response

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do para, endo, autocrine cytokines do

A

para - act on other cells (most common)

auto - act on itself

endo - travel in blood to target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does C-reactive protein do?

A

Help innate immune cells recognise pathogens

activates complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is C-reactive protein produced

A

Liver

23
Q

what are the 3 pathways of the complement system

A

Lectin

classical

alternative

24
Q

what is the lectin pathway?

A

manos binding lectin binds to sugars on bacteria

25
Q

what is the classical pathway?

A

C1 binding to pathogen antibodies

26
Q

what is the alternative pathway?

A

Complement protein C3B binds to carbohydrate on bacteria

27
Q

what happens after a complement system pathway is activated

A

protein C3 is cleaved = C3a and C3b

28
Q

what does protein C3a do?

A

inflammation and mast cell activation

Causes C5 to be cleaved

29
Q

what does protein C3b do?

A

opsonisation

Causes C5 to be cleaved

30
Q

What does C5 produced when cleaved

A

C5a and C5b

31
Q

What is the innate immune system and what does it do

A

1st cellular line of defence

non specific

initiates inflammation

32
Q

what is a negative about the innate immune system

A

its reponse can damage surrounding tissue

33
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
34
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

mast cells

35
Q

what do mast cells do when activated

A

degranulate and kickstart the inflammatory response

36
Q

What happens local due to inflammation

A

vasodilation = ^ Blood flow

endothelial cells activated - junctions broken (more permeable blood vessels - recruits more blood)

37
Q

What are neutrophils and what do they do?

A

most abundant immune cell, short lived, phagocyte, release antimicrobial products from granules

38
Q

what is phagocytosis (6 stages)

A
  • recognition
  • engulfing
  • encasing (phagosome)
  • lysosomes fuse (phagolysosome)
  • bacteria is killed (antibacterial compounds)
  • component’s released
39
Q

what is the respiratory burst?

A

NADPH converts 02 into superoxide

Superoxide dismutates to hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorous acid (both acid and will kill pathogens)

40
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

directed movement of a cell along a conc grad

migrate to site of infection) where conc is ^

41
Q

how are leukocyte recruited?

A

they bind to P/E selectin allowing them to detect chemokines they will look for a gap in the blood vessel to get through into tissue

42
Q

Other granulocytes & their targets

A

Basophils - rare, for allergies

Eosinophil - anti parasitic

43
Q

what are nature killer cells and what do they do?

A

a lymphocytes

cause cell death of ‘stressed’ cells (cancerous/infected)

activate macrophages

44
Q

what does NK Perforin & Granzyme do?

A

Perforin forms a pore on the pathogen

Granzyme goes through pore and kills the cell

45
Q

how does pathogen recognition system work?

A

Pattern recognition receptors - find common pathogen characteristics

46
Q

What PRR’s bind to

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns on pathogen surfaces

47
Q

what do toll-like receptors (PRR) do?

A

detect a variety of microorganism-derived molecular structures and active APC’s to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

48
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) examples

A 
lipoproteins
Flagellin
DNA
RNA
envelope proteins
Sugars
49
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any protein not recognised by the immune system (not derived from host)

50
Q

what do antigen presenting cells (APC’s) do?

A

internalise proteins during phagocytosis and process them with major histocompatibility II (MHC II)
and then display them on the cell surface

51
Q

what are Macrophages (APC’s) and what do they do

A

Monocyte-derived macrophages

kill pathogens with phagocytosis or respiratory burst

produce NO (vasodilator)

52
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

phagocytes (& APC’s) w/ dendrites

little arms

53
Q

what do dendritic cells do after internalising a pathogen

A

migrate to lymph nodes and activate components of the adaptive immune system

54
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

sites around the body contain lymphocytes that are waiting for an immune stimulus

Y1 IHP (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions