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Y1 IHP > The Adaptive Immune system & response > Flashcards

The Adaptive Immune system & response Flashcards

1
Q

Key features of the adaptive immune system

A

it is specific/aquired

is highly specialised but develops slowly

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2
Q

3 functions of the adaptive immune system

A

recognise self and non self cells

generate responses to eliminate specific pathogens

develop immunological memory

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3
Q

2 types of T cells

A

CD4 helper cells

CD8 killer cells

(CD = surface marker expressed)

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4
Q

how are T cells activated

A

Naïve CD4 T cell interactive with dendritic cell causing differentiation and proliferation

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5
Q

How do T cells protect themselves

A

release interleukin 2

this also produces more T cells and cytokines

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6
Q

what do T cells become once activated?

A

Th1 (IL-12) or Th2 (IL-4) depending on which cytokine is produced by the cell

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7
Q

what do Th1 cells do?

cell mediated response

A

eliminate pathogens that infect host cells (viruses)

causes proliferation of NK cells and Cytotoxic T cells

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8
Q

what do Th2 cells do?

humoral mediated response

A

defence against extracellular bacteria/parasites

aid activation - macrophages, B cells

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9
Q

`what do Cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Interacting with MHC I on infected cells and then killing the infected host cell

(similar to NK cells)

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10
Q

how do Cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

Perforin / Granzymes system

fas-ligand interaction causes apoptosis

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11
Q

where are B cells produced

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

what happens when a B cell is mature

A

expresses a B cell receptor (immunoglobulin)

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13
Q

how are B cells activated and what do they do

A

activated by interaction with T cells (MHC II)

produce antibodies

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14
Q

what is B cell clonal expansion?

A

trail and error find right anti body

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15
Q

what 2 cells are produced by B cell clonal expansion and what do they do

A

Plasma cells - produce antibodies

Memory B cells - remember how to produce antibody

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16
Q

why is isotype switch important?

A

allows T cells to be manipulated to produce a different class of immunoglobulins

17
Q

What are antibodies

A

small proteins that help the rest of the immune system work (highly specific)

18
Q

what do antibodies do? (3)

A

activates complementary system (classical pathway)

causes phagocytosis

embed themselves into cell surfaces waiting for future infection

19
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A 
Ig M
Ig A
Ig D
Ig E
Ig G
20
Q

antibody Ig M features (pentametric)

A

first antibody produced can bind up to 10 antigens

jack of all trades (lower affinity)

21
Q

antibody Ig A features (secreted)

A

second most abundant

present on mucosal surfaces - prevent binding (prevents infection of host)

22
Q

antibody Ig E features

A

key for parasites and allergens

largest antibody

23
Q

how do antibodies work

A

they neutralise pathogens using toxins or prevent pathogens entering cells

24
Q

what is pathogen opsonisation?

A

helps phagocytes recognise and engulf a pathogen

25
Q

what is antibody mediated cell cytotoxicity

A

antibody binds to surface of target cell helping NK / T cells release their enzymes for apoptosis

26
Q

how does immune memory work

A

correct antibody is remember and mass produced following infection meaning the less effective IgM is not required and the infection is fought off

27
Q

what are the different types of immunity (4)

A

Passive natural (placenta transfer)

passive artificial (Im injection)

active natural (beating an infection)

active artificial (vaccination -simulates immune response)

28
Q

how do bacterial infections start?

A

when there is a breaking/hole in the epithelial cells

they will start replicating

29
Q

how is bacterial infection fought off (first stages)

A

macrophages (phagocytosis) -> produces cytokines -> activates mast cells to degranulate

30
Q

what do degranulated mast cells do

A

make blood vessels more permeable (histamine) allowing neutrophils and complementary proteins to come to the site of infection (chemokine gradient detected)

31
Q

how is bacterial infection fought of (secondary stages)

A

complementary system, T cells and B cells = IgM produced prior to best antibody being made and the IgG (specialised)

32
Q

How does a viral infection response differ from bacterial (3)

A

IFN-a produced by host epithelial cells (prevents cell reproducing & ^ MHC I expression

cells eventually burst releasing more viruses but they are dealt with and antibodies are processed

more NK & cytotoxic activation

Y1 IHP (4 decks)

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