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History - Medicine through Time > The Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Which war brought two famous nurses to the public’s attention?

A

The Crimean

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2
Q

What were the dates of the Crimean War?

A

1854-1856

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3
Q

Who was the “Lady with the Lamp”?

A

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

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4
Q

What was the reputation of nursing before Florence Nightingale?

A

Very bad

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5
Q

How did Florence Nightingale’s family feel about her becoming a nurse?

A

They were against it

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6
Q

Where did Florence Nightingale train?

A

In Europe

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7
Q

What encouraged ordinary people to have opinions about what was happening in the Crimean War?

A

Telegraphic communication,war correspondents could get stories back to the UK very quickly

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8
Q

What was the hospital in Scutari called?

A

Barrack Hospital

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9
Q

Where was the Barrack Hospital?

A

Scutari

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10
Q

Who sent Florence Nightingale to sort out the nursing care at the Barrack Hospital?

A

Sidney Herbert, the Secretary of War.

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11
Q

How many nurses did Florence Nightingale take with her?

A

38

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12
Q

How did the death rate at the Barrack Hospital change in the two years after Florence Nightingale arrived?

A

It went from 42% to 2%

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13
Q

What was one of the main improvements that Florence Nightingale made?

A

She improved ward hygiene.

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14
Q

What was the book that was used as a standard textbook for generations of nurses?

A

“Notes on Nursing”.

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15
Q

Who wrote “Notes on Nursing”?

A

Florence Nightingale.

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16
Q

Why did the public raise money for Florence Nightingale?

A

To help her train nurses. (£44,000)

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17
Q

Where was the Nightingale School set up?

A

St Thomas’ Hospital, London.

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18
Q

How many trained nurses were there in Britain by 1900?

A

64,000

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19
Q

What act made registration compulsory for nurses?

A

The 1919 registration of nurses act

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20
Q

When were men first admitted to the Royal College of Nursing?

A

1960 - so they could not be nurses before then

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21
Q

Who was Mother Seacole?

A

A nurse from Jamaica who wanted to work in the Crimea. She was refused (maybe due to race) but paid her own journey and went anyway,

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22
Q

Who developed the germ theory?

A

Pasteur - 1857

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23
Q

Who identified the TB microbe?

A

Koch - 1882

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24
Q

Who developed the diphtheria antitoxin?

A

von Behring - 1892

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25
Q

Who developed Salvarsan 606?

A

Ehrlich 1910 (treatment for syphilis)

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26
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Fleming 1928

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27
Q

Who discovered sulphonamides?

A

Domagk 1932

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28
Q

Who found a way to mass produce penicillin?

A

Florey 1941

29
Q

When microbes were seen down the microscope in the 18th century, what was the theory about them?

A

That they were caused by the disease.

30
Q

What is the name given to the theory that microbes are caused by disease?

A

Spontaneous generation.

31
Q

What was believed to cause disease while the theory of spontaneous generation was being followed?

A

Noxious gases called miasmas,

32
Q

What was Louis Pasteur employed to do when he developed the germ theory?

A

To find out why sugar beet that was fermenting industrial alcohol went sour.

33
Q

How did Louis Pasteur prove there were germs in the air?

A

He sterilised water and kept it in a sealed flask. A similar flask open to the air bred more micro organisms.

34
Q

Who started linking microbes to the disease that they caused?

A

German scientist Robert Koch

35
Q

How did Koch link microbes to diseases?

A

He developed a solid culture medium, and dyeing techniques, to help him see the germs under a microscope.

36
Q

How did Koch link microbes to diseases?

A

He developed a solid culture medium, and dyeing techniques, to help him see the germs under a microscope. He used his daughters pet mice for experiments.

37
Q

What bacteria did Koch discover?

A

Anthrax (1875); Septicaemia;, tuberculosis (1882); cholera (1883)

38
Q

What made Pasteur and Koch work so hard?

A

Pasteur was French, Koch was German, the two countries had been at war, so they did not like each other, each tried to be the first to new discoveries.

39
Q

How did Pasteur find a vaccine for chicken cholera?

A

One of his team was supposed to inject some chickens with chicken cholera bacteria, but forgot and went on holiday.

When he got back he took the bacteria off his desk and injected the chickens, they all survived.

They tried again with better bacteria, and this time nothing happened. The chickens had become immune through being injected with the bacteria that had become weakened by being on the desk.

40
Q

What do you call bacteria that have been weakened?

A

Attenuated.

41
Q

How did Pasteur get the vaccine for rabies?

A

Used dried rabbit spines (of rabbits that had rabies) to create a series of vaccines of increasing virulence, he hoped this would produce immunity.

Then in 1885 a woman brought him her son, who had been bitten by a rabid dog and was doomed to die, Pasteur tried his vaccine and it worked.

42
Q

How was a treatment for diphtheria found?

A

Germ discovered 1883 (Edwin Klebs)

Friedrich Loeffler cultured the germs, through the effect was due to toxin.

1891 Emil von Behring produced antitoxin, from the blood of animals that had just recovered. (Antibody to the toxin still circulating in blood).

43
Q

What was discovered about antibodies?

A

They only work against the specific microbe, so they were named “magic bullets”.

44
Q

What was Paul Ehrlich researching in 1889?

A

He was trying to find synthetic antibodies.

45
Q

What type of chemical did Ehrlich first find useful against micro organisms, effective against malaria and sleeping sickness?

A

Dyes.

46
Q

What was being used against syphilis before Ehrlich’s discovery?

A

Mercury and arsenic.

47
Q

What was the problem with mercury and arsenic being used to treat syphilis?

A

They are poisonous, and there is a thin line between the smallest dose that will work, and giving the patient a fatal overdose.

48
Q

How was a treatment for syphilis found?

A

A new member of the team checked the results of the tests on over 600 chemicals, an noticed that one did seem effective, this became Salvarsan 606.

49
Q

When was Salvarsan 606 first used on a human?

A

1909.

50
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover?

A

Penicillin.

51
Q

What was Fleming hoping to cure?

A

He wanted a cure for Staphylococcal wound infections.

52
Q

What substance was Fleming working on?

A

A protein in tears called lysozyme, which kills some germs.

53
Q

How did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

He was clearing out some old cultures of staphylococci. He saw that on one the bacteria had stopped growing around a mould.

54
Q

What was the mould that killed Fleming’s bacteria?

A

Penicillium notatum - hence the substance it produces was called penicillin.

55
Q

What year was penicillin discovered?

A

1928

56
Q

Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 not a major breakthrough?

A

It could not be produced in large quantities.

57
Q

What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1932?

A

A red dye called prontosil stopped the streptococcus multiplying in mice, without being poisonous to mice.

58
Q

Which people were most at risk from streptococcus infection?

A

Surgeons who cut themselves in the operating theatre.

59
Q

When did Domagk use his dye on a human?

A

In 1935 his own daughter pricked herself on a needle and caught a strep. infection. Domagk treated her with a dose of prontosil, she turned bright red, but recovered.

60
Q

What further work was done with prontosil?

A

The active ingredient was found to be sulphonamide. A whole range of sulphonamides was developed, for instance M&B 693 which cured pneumonia without changing your colour.

61
Q

What is the problem with sulphonamides?

A

They can cause liver and kidney damage. (They are still being used today in some infections).

62
Q

Who worked on purifying penicillin?

A

Florey and Chain - 1938-1940

63
Q

What technique did they use to purify penicillin?

A

Freeze drying.

64
Q

How did Florey and Chain produce penicillin for their first clinical trial?

A

They used every container in the lab to grow penicillium notatum

65
Q

What happened to Florey and Chain’s first patient?

A

He began to recover, then died because they ran out of penicillin.

66
Q

Why did Florey go to America?

A

British factories were busy making explosives, and he wanted penicillin for wounded soldiers.

67
Q

When did American companies agree to help?

A

When the US joined the war in 1941.

68
Q

When was there enough penicillin for the military?

A

1944 (World War 2 ended 1945)

69
Q

How were Fleming, Florey and Chain rewarded?

A

They were awarded a Nobel prize in 1945

History - Medicine through Time (12 decks)

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