The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

The domestic age industry

Answer 1

Before the Industrial Revolution (1750 & before), people made goods at home e.g. textiles were made using small spinning machines which people had in their houses or small workshops next to their houses.

Question 2

Revolution

Answer 2

Revolution in history means a dramatic, major change in the way something is done - usually government or economy.

Question 3

Textiles

Answer 3

Fabrics/ materials and items made out of these

Question 4

The Industrial Revolution

Answer 4

The Industrial Revolution is basically when the manufacturing of goods moved from people’s homes (cottage industry) into factories using huge machines powered by water and then steam. This completely changed the way people lived and worked.

Question 5

Manufacturing

Answer 5

To make goods.

Question 6

Mass produce goods

Answer 6

To make and produce items on a large scale; to produce a large number in a short space of time. This happened once factories were created.

Question 7

Urban

Answer 7

Connected to towns and cities.

Question 8

Luddites

Answer 8

Some people in the countryside did not like the changes to their way of life due to the Industrial Revolution & started to smash up the machinery that was taking their spinning and waving skill away.

Question 9

Spinning frame

Answer 9

In 1769, a man named Richard Arkwright produced a machine called the ‘Spinning Frame’ which to fit into someone’s homes s new buildings, called factories, were constructed to house these new machines.

Question 10

Water mill

Answer 10

Early factories were powered by water mills on rivers.

Question 11

Robert Stephenson

Answer 11

In 1829, Robert Stephenson designed a new steam engine called the rocket. His technology was used to power the first locomotives. Railway lines were built across the UK, connecting industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool and enabling factory owners to move products around more quickly.

Question 12

Cesspit 垃圾坑

Answer 12

Hole in ground for waste.

Question 13

Cholera 霍亂

Answer 13

Disease caught from drinking water with sewage in it. It killed thousands of people in the 19th century. People had no idea what caused it until the work of John Snow.

Question 14

Privy 廁所

Answer 14

Toilet; often used by many families in the street.

Question 15

Water pump

Answer 15

People used to get water from a shared water pump in the street. Sometimes the water pumps were next the cesspits. Sometimes the sewage from the cess pit got into the drinking water & contaminated it

Question 16

John Snow

Answer 16

During the 1854 epidemic, a doctor called John Snow proved there was a link between cholera and water supply. He realised there was a cholera outbreak amongst people who used the same water pump. He had the handle of the pump removed & the epidemic stopped. Later he discovered the water supply had been contaminated 弄髒 by raw sewage from a leaking cesspit.

Question 17

Public health

Answer 17

Health & wellbeing of ordinary people.

Question 18

Epidemic 流行病

Answer 18

A disease that affects a large number of people over a wide area.

Question 19

Back to back housing

Answer 19

Very poor quality, cheap housing built by factory owners for the factory workers. They were cramped & had little space. They were terraced 使成梯田 with a tiny alley in between rows of houses.

Question 20

Joseph Bazalgette

Answer 20

He designed a new sewage system in London meaning waste water could be safely taken away from the cities.

Question 21

What was life like in factories?

Answer 21

It is tough. It’s very noisy and dusty inside which made people deaf and sick. Workers including children, worked long hours in crowded and unsafe conditions. They got low wages since most factory owners wanted to pay as less as possible. Additionally, they faced poor living conditions as long as factories owners only care about making a profit, not providing a comfortable place to live for them (back to back housing). Plus, most machines did not have safety guards and workers did not have a protective gear to wear.

Question 22

What were the problems in towns in the 19th century?

Answer 22

There’s lots of problems.
1. Sewage trickled down the streets and into nearby rivers. Most families washed themselves in & drank water from the same rivers & so disease thrived in towns.
2. None of the houses had toilets indoors so many families used a bucket in the corner of a room. This would be emptied into the street.
3. The average life expectancy was 30. In some larger, dirtier towns it was much lower. E.g. in Leeds, the average life expectancy for an industrial working man was 19.

Question 23

Describe 2 problems that were caused by the rapid growth of towns in the Industrial Revolution. (4 marks)

Answer 23

1. Since there’s lots of people came to town and worked in the factories, they had to live somewhere to live. Factories owner built huge amount of cheap and poor quality back to back housing to rent for their workers. The back to back housing were cramped and overcrowded with many people sharing a one since the factory owners more interested in profit.If there were too many housing, it could lead to overcrowding, increased traffic congestion 擁堵.
2. The increase use of coal as fuel, to power machinery and in the manufacturing of ion. Using so much meant that for the first time there was air pollution. Before this, water in particular was used for power. This caused problems because it was at this time that we started to damage the environment by burning fossil fuels and pollution was particularly bad in big cities such as London.

Question 24

In what ways were the lives of people in Britain affected by the rapid growth of town? (8 marks)

Answer 24

In the 19th century, there were so many people move to towns and worked in factories. They washed themselves in the river and drank water from the river. It would be filthy and this is why cholera happened. Thousands died until John Snow discovered that. Contaminated water led to Cholera outbreaks. Subsequently, there was no rubbish collection, little bans, street cleaners, sewers or fresh running water.