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the industrial revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the first cause of the agricultural revolution?

A

wealthy landowners finding ways to make farming more efficient

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2
Q

what did farmers use to close their land?

A

enclosures

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3
Q

what were two causes of enclosures?

A

farmers were able to experiment with seeds and methods of harvesting
smaller farmers had to give up on land, and move to the city

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4
Q

who is jethro tull and what did he invent?

A

one of the first scientific farmers, created the seed drill to make sowing seed more productive

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5
Q

what is crop rotation?

A

rotating crops among seasons to restore and exhaust soil nutrients

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6
Q

what happened to the population during the agricultural revolution?

A

living conditions, immigration, and giving birth improved, therefore population increased

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7
Q

what natural resources were in surplus before the industrial revolution?

A

water power, coal, iron

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8
Q

what happened to the economy right after the agricultural revolution?

A

banking systems and investing improve the economy

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9
Q

what happened to the government right after the agricultural revolution?

A

no wars took place in britain, and military success led them to an advantage in political stability and revolution in industry

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10
Q

what are the factors of production?

A

land, labor, and wealth/capital

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11
Q

what industry transformed first during the industrial revolution?

A

the textile industry

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12
Q

during the textile industry, what productions sped up?

A

wood, cotton, and linen

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13
Q

what inventions were created during the textile industry?

A

flying shuttle - john kay
spinning jenny - james hargreaves
water frame - richard arkwrigts
spinning mule - samuel cromptons
power loom - edmund cartwrights
cotton gin - eli whitneys

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14
Q

what were the drawbacks of new inventions during the textile industry?

A

bulky and expensive, and factories needed to be made to set them up

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15
Q

what were steam engines used for?

A

removing water from mine shafts to mine coal

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16
Q

what did james watt do for steam engines?

A

improved the design with matthew boulton

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17
Q

what caused the production of water ways/canals?

A

the production of steam propelled boats, first being the clermont

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18
Q

who is john mcadam and what did he do?

A

created the first roads, for heavy wagons transporting

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19
Q

how did roads affect the economy?

A

toll gates and turnpikes were created to pay tolls while going on the road

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20
Q

what did they use steam engines for to transport on wheels?

A

faster transportation on roads, and heavier

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21
Q

where did steam powered locomotives move?

A

railroad

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22
Q

what were the effects of railroads?

A
  1. railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and products
  2. the railroad created thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners, as they need ores like coal to work the steam engines
  3. the railroad boosted britains agricultural anf fishing industries, as the ports were now easy access to transportation to the big citites
  4. made travel easier, encouraging the change to city jobs, and the other way around too
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23
Q

what happened to cities as the pace of industrialization increased?

A

new jobs and factories were being created, and population grew

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24
Q

what is urbanization?

A

the rapid moving from rural to urban, increasing populations quick

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25
Q

why were factories built in clusters?

A

factories thrived only in locations near places with a plethora of resources

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26
Q

what city was the most popular during the 1800s?

A

london, with over 1 million people

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27
Q

what other cities grew during the 1800s?

A

birmingham, sheffield, leeds, and manchester

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27
Q

what industry was manchester known for?

A

the cotton industry

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28
Q

what happened to cities as populations grew too fast?

A

could not keep up with sanitation, development, protection, education, housing, and crowding

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29
Q

what were workers living conditions in the beginning of the industrial revolution?

A

bad, lived in dark, dirty shelters and lots of crowding

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29
Q

how did disease affect workers lives?

A

led the workers to having an average life span of less than 17 years

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29
Q

what made working in factories so bad in the beginning of the revolution?

A

long hours, injuries from machines, no healthcare

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30
Q

why were working conditions so bad in the beginning of the revolution?

A

factory owners were very greedy for money

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31
Q

why were coal mines so tough to work in?

A

accidents, damp conditions, coal dust

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32
Q

what happened to people working in coal mines?

A

life span dropped to 10 years, and lung problems were common

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33
Q

in the beginning of industrialization, who made up the middle class?

A

skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers, factory owners, merchants, shippers

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34
Q

what powers did the middle class have?

A

social and political power, and lots of wealth

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35
Q

what was the low middle class?

A

toolmakers, mechanical drafters, printers, managers, doctors, and lawyers who had a comfortable state of living

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36
Q

what was the lowest class in the industrial revolution beginning?

A

the working class/laborers who did not get improvements in working and living conditions

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37
Q

who were the luddites?

A

a group of people worried that machines would put them out of work, and destroyed the machines due to the poor living conditions

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38
Q

what were the effects of the industrial revolution?

A
  • created jobs for workers
  • contributed to the wealth of the nation
  • fostered process in tech and inventions
  • increased production of goods
  • raised standard of living
  • provided hope in improvement
  • added healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper clothing
  • expanded educational opportunities
  • laborers eventually got higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after uniting
  • middle and upper class were immediately successful
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39
Q

what were the long term effects of the industrial revolution?

A
  • luxurious goods in the past are now affordable
  • living and working conditions continue improving
  • governments encouraged urban improvements and raised standard of living
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40
Q

what advantages did manchester have beginning a revolution?

A

had easy access to waterpower, available labor, an outlet to sea

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41
Q

how did the unexpected growth of manchester effect the people?

A

poor people did not keep up with the growth, leading to bad living conditions

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42
Q

what did business owners in manchester do to gain money?

A

invested money, and time to look at every detail

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43
Q

how were children treated in the beginning of the revolution?

A

long hours and got beat to stay awake

44
Q

what did the government first do to stop child labor?

A

a factory act in 1819, restricting working age and hours

45
Q

how did the industry affect the environment?

A

coal blackened the air, and waste and dyes poisoned rivers

46
Q

what advantages did the us had when going into the revolution?

A

had fast flowing rivers for waterpower, coal, and iron, and immigrants and farm workers to do work

47
Q

what did britains blockade force the us to do?

A

become more individual and self sustained

48
Q

why did britain prevent people from leaving the country?

A

to keep them from spreading info and ideas from the revolution

49
Q

who was able to escape britain first to the us and how did he impact the us?

A

samuel slater, he memorized how to build a spinning machine to give the information to the us

50
Q

where and who created the first factory in the us?

A

moses brown in rhode island, he housed slaters machines

51
Q

what was a downside of the first factory in the us?

A

only able to created thread

52
Q

how did francis cabot lowell impact the textile revolution?

A

he revolutionized it, and funded a larger operation for this revolution in massachusetts

53
Q

how was lowell similar to other industrial cities in europe?

A

encouraged urbanization, and long hours with fine/bad living conditions

54
Q

after the textile industry in the us, what manufacturing improved?

A

the clothing and shoemaking manufacturing

55
Q

what happened after the civil war, industry wise?

A

technology boomed, due to a plethora of resources and inventions

56
Q

what cities in the us blossomed due to railroads?

A

chicago and minneapolis

57
Q

what advantages did chicago and minneapolis have?

A

chicago had good stockyards, minneapolis had a good grain industry, and they were able to sell these products to make profit

58
Q

how did railroads benefit chicago and minneapolis?

A

businesses came close to railroads, and then were able to merge

59
Q

how did entreprenuers raise money to create railroads

A

they shared stocks, certain rights of ownership

60
Q

what did stocks make a company?

A

a corporation, a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

61
Q

what are some big corporations made?

A

standard oil - john d rockefeller
cernegie steel company - andrew carnegie

62
Q

what advantages did belgium have to begin revolution?

A

had iron, coal, and waterways

63
Q

who was able to share ideas from britain to belgium?

A

william cockerill

64
Q

what did william cockerill and his son john do to start industry

A

build a large enterprise, which produced mechanical equipment, steam engines, and locomotives

65
Q

what hindered germany from building an industry?

A

economic isolation, and scattered resources

66
Q

although not able to very successfully industrialize, what did germany still do?

A

began copying the britain model, and let children learn industrial management and building

67
Q

along with belgium and germany, what other places began industrialization?

A

bohemia, spains catalonia, northern italy, moscow and st peterberg

68
Q

how was france able to create a sustained industrial growth?

A

avoided social and economic problems, more measured and collected

69
Q

how did industrialization impact the wealth gap?

A

widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non industrialized countries

70
Q

how did industrialized and non industrialized lands “trade”?

A

industrialized lands took materials from non industrialized
non industrialized lands had to buy things from industrialized lands

71
Q

what did britain do to gain more resources

A

used overseas colonies for resources

72
Q

what is imperialism?

A

the policy of extending one countries rule over many other lands

73
Q

how did life expectancy and conditions change?

A

population, wealth, and health improved and grew, urban workers suffered, began more education and democractic participation

74
Q

what is laissez faire in economics?

A

a policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, to let people do as they please

75
Q

where did laissez faire originate from?

A

enlightenment philosophers in france

76
Q

who was adam smith and what did he want?

A

a professor at the university of glasgow, he wanted free trade

77
Q

what did the book “the wealth of nations” state?

A

the three natural laws of free trade, the law of self interest, competition, and supply and demand

78
Q

what is capitalism?

A

an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

79
Q

how did “an essay on the principle of population” by thomas malthus, predict the future?

A

predicted that the population would grow faster than the food supply, leading to starvation and large wealth gaps

80
Q

what did “the principles of political economy and taxation” by david ricardo state?

A

believed high quantity goods were cheap, and low quantity goods were expensive, and high population led to low wages

81
Q

how did the belief in laissez faire capitalism affect the government?

A

the efforts of the books and ideas opposed the government

82
Q

who is jeremy bentham and what is utilitarianism?

A

an english philosopher, and believed people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on how useful they are

83
Q

who is john stuart mill and what did he do with utilitarianism?

A

a philosopher and economist, and he led this movement

84
Q

what reforms did john stuart mill want?

A

he favored a cooperative system of agriculture and womens rights, such as the right to vote

85
Q

who is robert owen and what did he do to support improving working conditions in europe?

A

built houses, and provided rent at low rates, prohibited children from under 10 from working, provided free schooling

86
Q

what was new harmony used for in the us and what was the impact?

A

a cooperative community to be a perfect living place, it inspired the founding of other communities

87
Q

what is socialism?

A

a new economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

88
Q

who is karl marx?

A

a german journalist, he studied philosophy and journalism, but had many radical ideas

89
Q

what is marxism and where was it written?

A

it was a radical type of socialism where society was divided into halves, written in the communist manifesto, a pamphlet

90
Q

who were haves and who were have nots?

A

haves were employers and bourgeoisie, and have nots were the workers/proletariat

91
Q

what did marx think of capitalism?

A

thought it made the rich richer and the poor poorer, and thought it would eventually destroy itself

92
Q

what is communism?

A

a classless society, where everything is owned by the people

93
Q

what happened with the communist manifesto during 1848 and the 1900s

A

in 1848, revolts happened relating to the pamphlet, but got shut down, and in 1900, other leaders used marxs beliefs for inspiration

94
Q

what are unions and why were they created?

A

groups that engaged in collaborative bargaining and negotiating with workers and employees, they wanted higher pay and better conditions

95
Q

what did unions do if they did not get what they wanted, and why was it helpful?

A

they strike, and refuse to work, and for skilled workers, the managers really want to keep them, so they have to make the change so that they stay

96
Q

what was the governments first opinion of unions?

A

disliked them, creating the combination acts to prevent them

97
Q

what did union members do after the combination acts?

A

rebelled, and continued with unions, and therefore the government got rid of the combination acts because it didnt work

98
Q

what happened to the unions after the combination acts got rid of?

A

got successful, they gained wages peacefully, and by 1875, 1 million people participated in unions

99
Q

what happened in the us with unions?

A

created the american federation of labor, a merge of multiple unions, and got high wages and shorter hours

100
Q

which acts from 1833 to 1847 limited ages and times for woman and children?

A

the factory act, prevent child labor, the mines act, no mine working for woman and children, the ten hours act, woman and children can only work for 10 hours max

101
Q

what dd the national child labor committee argue?

A

that child labor only lowered the wage of adult worker, so they should get rid of child labor

102
Q

who is william wilberforce and what did he do for slavery?

A

a member of parliament and very religious, he led the fight for abolition of slavery and slave trade?

103
Q

what were william wilberforces accomplishments?

A

got rid of slave trade in the west indies, able to ban slavery in the britain empire

104
Q

what places ended slavery in the west?

A

us (after the civil war), puerto rico, cuba, and brazil

105
Q

what were some beliefs that led to the abolition of slavery?

A

morally wrong, an economic threat, preferred cheap labor over slave labor

106
Q

what did women do to get higher wages and reforms?

A

made unions to address the message

107
Q

how did womans rights unions turn out?

A

successful, woman worked as safety inspectors or ran settlement houses

108
Q

what was the international council for women used for?

A

had meetings to discuss equal rights

109
Q

who is horace mann and what did she promote?

A

person from massachusetts, and promoted education for children

110
Q

what did britain do for education?

A

created public schools and soon after free public schooling

111
Q

what reforms did prisoners get?

A

more freedom and opportunities once released

world history (2 decks)

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