the industrial revolution Flashcards
1
Q
what was the first cause of the agricultural revolution?
A
wealthy landowners finding ways to make farming more efficient
2
Q
what did farmers use to close their land?
A
enclosures
3
Q
what were two causes of enclosures?
A
farmers were able to experiment with seeds and methods of harvesting
smaller farmers had to give up on land, and move to the city
4
Q
who is jethro tull and what did he invent?
A
one of the first scientific farmers, created the seed drill to make sowing seed more productive
5
Q
what is crop rotation?
A
rotating crops among seasons to restore and exhaust soil nutrients
6
Q
what happened to the population during the agricultural revolution?
A
living conditions, immigration, and giving birth improved, therefore population increased
7
Q
what natural resources were in surplus before the industrial revolution?
A
water power, coal, iron
8
Q
what happened to the economy right after the agricultural revolution?
A
banking systems and investing improve the economy
9
Q
what happened to the government right after the agricultural revolution?
A
no wars took place in britain, and military success led them to an advantage in political stability and revolution in industry
10
Q
what are the factors of production?
A
land, labor, and wealth/capital
11
Q
what industry transformed first during the industrial revolution?
A
the textile industry
12
Q
during the textile industry, what productions sped up?
A
wood, cotton, and linen
13
Q
what inventions were created during the textile industry?
A
flying shuttle - john kay
spinning jenny - james hargreaves
water frame - richard arkwrigts
spinning mule - samuel cromptons
power loom - edmund cartwrights
cotton gin - eli whitneys
14
Q
what were the drawbacks of new inventions during the textile industry?
A
bulky and expensive, and factories needed to be made to set them up
15
Q
what were steam engines used for?
A
removing water from mine shafts to mine coal
16
Q
what did james watt do for steam engines?
A
improved the design with matthew boulton
17
Q
what caused the production of water ways/canals?
A
the production of steam propelled boats, first being the clermont
18
Q
who is john mcadam and what did he do?
A
created the first roads, for heavy wagons transporting
19
Q
how did roads affect the economy?
A
toll gates and turnpikes were created to pay tolls while going on the road
20
Q
what did they use steam engines for to transport on wheels?
A
faster transportation on roads, and heavier
21
Q
where did steam powered locomotives move?
A
railroad
22
Q
what were the effects of railroads?
A
- railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and products
- the railroad created thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners, as they need ores like coal to work the steam engines
- the railroad boosted britains agricultural anf fishing industries, as the ports were now easy access to transportation to the big citites
- made travel easier, encouraging the change to city jobs, and the other way around too
23
Q
what happened to cities as the pace of industrialization increased?
A
new jobs and factories were being created, and population grew
24
Q
what is urbanization?
A
the rapid moving from rural to urban, increasing populations quick
25
why were factories built in clusters?
factories thrived only in locations near places with a plethora of resources
26
what city was the most popular during the 1800s?
london, with over 1 million people
27
what other cities grew during the 1800s?
birmingham, sheffield, leeds, and manchester
27
what industry was manchester known for?
the cotton industry
28
what happened to cities as populations grew too fast?
could not keep up with sanitation, development, protection, education, housing, and crowding
29
what were workers living conditions in the beginning of the industrial revolution?
bad, lived in dark, dirty shelters and lots of crowding
29
how did disease affect workers lives?
led the workers to having an average life span of less than 17 years
29
what made working in factories so bad in the beginning of the revolution?
long hours, injuries from machines, no healthcare
30
why were working conditions so bad in the beginning of the revolution?
factory owners were very greedy for money
31
why were coal mines so tough to work in?
accidents, damp conditions, coal dust
32
what happened to people working in coal mines?
life span dropped to 10 years, and lung problems were common
33
in the beginning of industrialization, who made up the middle class?
skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers, factory owners, merchants, shippers
34
what powers did the middle class have?
social and political power, and lots of wealth
35
what was the low middle class?
toolmakers, mechanical drafters, printers, managers, doctors, and lawyers who had a comfortable state of living
36
what was the lowest class in the industrial revolution beginning?
the working class/laborers who did not get improvements in working and living conditions
37
who were the luddites?
a group of people worried that machines would put them out of work, and destroyed the machines due to the poor living conditions
38
what were the effects of the industrial revolution?
- created jobs for workers
- contributed to the wealth of the nation
- fostered process in tech and inventions
- increased production of goods
- raised standard of living
- provided hope in improvement
- added healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper clothing
- expanded educational opportunities
- laborers eventually got higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after uniting
- middle and upper class were immediately successful
39
what were the long term effects of the industrial revolution?
- luxurious goods in the past are now affordable
- living and working conditions continue improving
- governments encouraged urban improvements and raised standard of living
40
what advantages did manchester have beginning a revolution?
had easy access to waterpower, available labor, an outlet to sea
41
how did the unexpected growth of manchester effect the people?
poor people did not keep up with the growth, leading to bad living conditions
42
what did business owners in manchester do to gain money?
invested money, and time to look at every detail
43
how were children treated in the beginning of the revolution?
long hours and got beat to stay awake
44
what did the government first do to stop child labor?
a factory act in 1819, restricting working age and hours
45
how did the industry affect the environment?
coal blackened the air, and waste and dyes poisoned rivers
46
what advantages did the us had when going into the revolution?
had fast flowing rivers for waterpower, coal, and iron, and immigrants and farm workers to do work
47
what did britains blockade force the us to do?
become more individual and self sustained
48
why did britain prevent people from leaving the country?
to keep them from spreading info and ideas from the revolution
49
who was able to escape britain first to the us and how did he impact the us?
samuel slater, he memorized how to build a spinning machine to give the information to the us
50
where and who created the first factory in the us?
moses brown in rhode island, he housed slaters machines
51
what was a downside of the first factory in the us?
only able to created thread
52
how did francis cabot lowell impact the textile revolution?
he revolutionized it, and funded a larger operation for this revolution in massachusetts
53
how was lowell similar to other industrial cities in europe?
encouraged urbanization, and long hours with fine/bad living conditions
54
after the textile industry in the us, what manufacturing improved?
the clothing and shoemaking manufacturing
55
what happened after the civil war, industry wise?
technology boomed, due to a plethora of resources and inventions
56
what cities in the us blossomed due to railroads?
chicago and minneapolis
57
what advantages did chicago and minneapolis have?
chicago had good stockyards, minneapolis had a good grain industry, and they were able to sell these products to make profit
58
how did railroads benefit chicago and minneapolis?
businesses came close to railroads, and then were able to merge
59
how did entreprenuers raise money to create railroads
they shared stocks, certain rights of ownership
60
what did stocks make a company?
a corporation, a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
61
what are some big corporations made?
standard oil - john d rockefeller
cernegie steel company - andrew carnegie
62
what advantages did belgium have to begin revolution?
had iron, coal, and waterways
63
who was able to share ideas from britain to belgium?
william cockerill
64
what did william cockerill and his son john do to start industry
build a large enterprise, which produced mechanical equipment, steam engines, and locomotives
65
what hindered germany from building an industry?
economic isolation, and scattered resources
66
although not able to very successfully industrialize, what did germany still do?
began copying the britain model, and let children learn industrial management and building
67
along with belgium and germany, what other places began industrialization?
bohemia, spains catalonia, northern italy, moscow and st peterberg
68
how was france able to create a sustained industrial growth?
avoided social and economic problems, more measured and collected
69
how did industrialization impact the wealth gap?
widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non industrialized countries
70
how did industrialized and non industrialized lands "trade"?
industrialized lands took materials from non industrialized
non industrialized lands had to buy things from industrialized lands
71
what did britain do to gain more resources
used overseas colonies for resources
72
what is imperialism?
the policy of extending one countries rule over many other lands
73
how did life expectancy and conditions change?
population, wealth, and health improved and grew, urban workers suffered, began more education and democractic participation
74
what is laissez faire in economics?
a policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, to let people do as they please
75
where did laissez faire originate from?
enlightenment philosophers in france
76
who was adam smith and what did he want?
a professor at the university of glasgow, he wanted free trade
77
what did the book "the wealth of nations" state?
the three natural laws of free trade, the law of self interest, competition, and supply and demand
78
what is capitalism?
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
79
how did "an essay on the principle of population" by thomas malthus, predict the future?
predicted that the population would grow faster than the food supply, leading to starvation and large wealth gaps
80
what did "the principles of political economy and taxation" by david ricardo state?
believed high quantity goods were cheap, and low quantity goods were expensive, and high population led to low wages
81
how did the belief in laissez faire capitalism affect the government?
the efforts of the books and ideas opposed the government
82
who is jeremy bentham and what is utilitarianism?
an english philosopher, and believed people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on how useful they are
83
who is john stuart mill and what did he do with utilitarianism?
a philosopher and economist, and he led this movement
84
what reforms did john stuart mill want?
he favored a cooperative system of agriculture and womens rights, such as the right to vote
85
who is robert owen and what did he do to support improving working conditions in europe?
built houses, and provided rent at low rates, prohibited children from under 10 from working, provided free schooling
86
what was new harmony used for in the us and what was the impact?
a cooperative community to be a perfect living place, it inspired the founding of other communities
87
what is socialism?
a new economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
88
who is karl marx?
a german journalist, he studied philosophy and journalism, but had many radical ideas
89
what is marxism and where was it written?
it was a radical type of socialism where society was divided into halves, written in the communist manifesto, a pamphlet
90
who were haves and who were have nots?
haves were employers and bourgeoisie, and have nots were the workers/proletariat
91
what did marx think of capitalism?
thought it made the rich richer and the poor poorer, and thought it would eventually destroy itself
92
what is communism?
a classless society, where everything is owned by the people
93
what happened with the communist manifesto during 1848 and the 1900s
in 1848, revolts happened relating to the pamphlet, but got shut down, and in 1900, other leaders used marxs beliefs for inspiration
94
what are unions and why were they created?
groups that engaged in collaborative bargaining and negotiating with workers and employees, they wanted higher pay and better conditions
95
what did unions do if they did not get what they wanted, and why was it helpful?
they strike, and refuse to work, and for skilled workers, the managers really want to keep them, so they have to make the change so that they stay
96
what was the governments first opinion of unions?
disliked them, creating the combination acts to prevent them
97
what did union members do after the combination acts?
rebelled, and continued with unions, and therefore the government got rid of the combination acts because it didnt work
98
what happened to the unions after the combination acts got rid of?
got successful, they gained wages peacefully, and by 1875, 1 million people participated in unions
99
what happened in the us with unions?
created the american federation of labor, a merge of multiple unions, and got high wages and shorter hours
100
which acts from 1833 to 1847 limited ages and times for woman and children?
the factory act, prevent child labor, the mines act, no mine working for woman and children, the ten hours act, woman and children can only work for 10 hours max
101
what dd the national child labor committee argue?
that child labor only lowered the wage of adult worker, so they should get rid of child labor
102
who is william wilberforce and what did he do for slavery?
a member of parliament and very religious, he led the fight for abolition of slavery and slave trade?
103
what were william wilberforces accomplishments?
got rid of slave trade in the west indies, able to ban slavery in the britain empire
104
what places ended slavery in the west?
us (after the civil war), puerto rico, cuba, and brazil
105
what were some beliefs that led to the abolition of slavery?
morally wrong, an economic threat, preferred cheap labor over slave labor
106
what did women do to get higher wages and reforms?
made unions to address the message
107
how did womans rights unions turn out?
successful, woman worked as safety inspectors or ran settlement houses
108
what was the international council for women used for?
had meetings to discuss equal rights
109
who is horace mann and what did she promote?
person from massachusetts, and promoted education for children
110
what did britain do for education?
created public schools and soon after free public schooling
111
what reforms did prisoners get?
more freedom and opportunities once released
