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Hinduism A2 > The Indus Valley Civilisation > Flashcards

The Indus Valley Civilisation Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the Indus Valley in the Indus Valley?

A

Due to favourable land and climatic conditions.

The land was super fertile.

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2
Q

How were the cities divided?

A

Cities divided into two parts, higher and lower parts.
The higher part - Citadel
Lower part - lower town - houses n shops

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3
Q

What was the citadel?

A

Area built on a brick platform, surrounded by big brick wall, largest and most important buildings were built in this are.

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4
Q

What were the buildings in Mohenjo daro?

A

Great bath
Granary
Pillard structure - hall?!

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5
Q

Hey tell me about the towns! (3)

A

. Grid structure
. Well planned
. Include drainage systems

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6
Q

Hey tell me about the houses! (4)

A

. Made of baked bricks
. Some were two-storyed
. Had several rooms, including bathrooms and sometimes wells!
. Each house had its own drain, connected to drains in the street which ran underground

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7
Q

Hey tell me about the dockyard!

A

Ar Lothal in Gujarat, brick basin found, could be filled with water, believed to be a dockyard for ships used for trade.

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8
Q

What did they cultivate?

A

Wheat / barley / mustard / sesame / peas / cotton

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9
Q

Animals?

A

Had domestic cattle

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10
Q

What did they make? (6)

A 
Stone and bronze tools. 
Pottery 
Bricks 
Stone and terracotta images 
Jewellery from gold, silver etc 
Boats n carts
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11
Q

What were the seals?1

A

Stone seals, small tablets, could have been used for trade

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12
Q

Who did they trade with?

A

Traded both within their territory and also over long distance.
Traded with Afghanistan, Iran and Mesopotamia.

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13
Q

What did they think about religion?

A

Some of their Gods connected with fertility

Male God with head dress, surrounded by animals - early form of Shiva?

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14
Q

Rituals?

A

Evidence of worship of fire and sacrifice of animals, fire altars in kalibangan (Dalas)
Great bath could have been a sacred pool.
Structure in Mohenjo daro looks like a temple

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15
Q

Writing?

A

Writing carved in seals. Cannot be interpreted.

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16
Q

Why did the Indus Valley fall?

A

Natural disaster - Earth quake / flood ?
Disease?
Climate change?
Invasion - Aryans?

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17
Q

What does Mohenjo daro suggest about the downfall of the IVC?

A

Signs of fire and the sudden death of inhabitants.

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18
Q

What do the terracotta figures suggest?

A

The worship of the Mother Goddess, which is still practised in modern India.

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19
Q

Proto Siva seal? (4)

A

Seal found with image that looks like Proto Siva:

  • Figure seated - Holy men and women, important feature of -Hinduism
  • God is three faced
  • Has horns, a ruler who wore horns in Mesopotamia was said to possess power and divinity
  • Figure is surrounded by animals - Siva is lord of beasts
20
Q

Explain the seal with the kneeling lady (3)

A
  • Could be a ritual offering
  • Horned Goddess in U shaped tree with Pipal Leaved (Pipal trees and sacred in Hinduism)
  • Goddess is worshiped by a kneeling figure, probably making a sacrificial offering according to Marshall
  • Atre, she has ‘raised her arms only in the act of supplication’
21
Q

How did people in the Indus Valley dispose of dead people?

A

BURIALS!

In pit graves, wrap body up in cloth because didnt want it to touch the ground, could be linked with purity.

22
Q

What IVC people buried with?

A

Ornaments, jewellery

23
Q

How have archeologists interpreted the burial sites?

A

As a reflection of social structure and hierarchy, evidence for this is smaller and bigger burial sites were found.
People of a higher class had a separate burial site.
Some burials found with alot less ornaments.
Evidence for caste system?

24
Q

Where were the two huge burial sites found?

A

Harrapa

Kalibangan

25
Q

What are the three categories for burial sites in Kalibangan

A

1 - bodies buried in supine (lying on back) position
2 - burials in circular pits
3 - Pots found with no skeletal remains, could have been because of cremation.

26
Q

How do we know that the IVC gave alot of importance to hierarchy and status?

A

Individual found with more pots and ornaments in his burial pit than usual, shows he had a higher status than most people. We can tell that they put alot of energy and expenditure into his funeral.

27
Q

IVC and trees?

A

Believed in tree of life, shown in seals, Pipal or Acasia tree, defended by guardian spirit.

28
Q

What did the terracotta figures resemble?

A

Humans and animals, showed fashion - fan shaped hair dresses.

29
Q

Use of terracotta figures?

A

Toys
Good luck charms - found in rubbish pits
To make jewellery
Oil lamps

30
Q

What have the terracotta figures shown us?

A

IVC people could have believe in good luck

They liked to dance, could have been during rituals which is what Hindus do today.

31
Q

How did the IVC people trade?

A

By bullet cart, boat and foot.

32
Q

What were the bricks made of?

A

Sun dried kiln or fired brick

33
Q

What was special about the bricks?

A

They were all of equal size, which suggested that they had a way of measuring them

34
Q

What tools were used?

A

Chisels, pickaxes and saws, all made of copper

35
Q

Why was the IVC in such a good place?

A

Next to Indus river, meant the land was very fertile, plus flooded twice a year so was reliable.
Surrounded by desert and mountains, so safe from attack and disease.

36
Q

Uses of water? (4)

A

1 - Great bath
2 - Wells - one in most houses
3 - Home bathing
4 - Drainage system - chanels which let to brick lined sewers, enclosed channels down street.

37
Q

Why do we think they traded?

A

Because seals were found in Mesopatamia and Central Asia

38
Q

What did Marshall think

A
  • there was worship of the mother goddess

- trees were worshipped and their indwelling spirits were anthropomorphised

39
Q

What did ivc religion involve according to Ratnagar?

A
  • gods, ancestor beings, supreme mother goddesses
  • demons, animal spirits, ritual practices
  • kings, priests
  • symbols and metaphors
40
Q

Who thought proto shiva seal was not shiva? (2)

A
  • D.Srinivasan ‘the figure represents a divine bull man , possibly a deity of fertility and abundance’
  • H.P Sullivan ‘a female deity’
41
Q

Who called shiva seals proto seals

A

Marshall

42
Q

K.Dalas- how big was ivc

A

1.3 million sq km

43
Q

Dalas when did downfall start?

A

Between 2000 and 1800 bc

44
Q

Dalas why did ivc end (2)

A
  • signs of fire and sudden death at mohenjo daro

- river ghaggar hakra could have dried up in 2000 bc

45
Q

When/who discovered ivc

A

1921 by John Marshall and r.d bannerjee

46
Q

Decline of ivc according to smith

A

Result of environmental factors, drought or famine surrounded area no longer able to support such a large urban population

47
Q

Decline of ivc according to Mortimer

A

An invading army because of number of skeletons which appear to be left where they fell, no one was left to bury them

Hinduism A2 (7 decks)

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