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Hinduism A2 > Dharma > Flashcards

Dharma Flashcards

1
Q

What is dharma

A
  • personal code or religious practice
  • What you must do to complete each stage of life
  • Dharma is the collection of laws that uphold, maintain, sustain and uplift the universe.
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2
Q

What does the Sanskrit root of Dharma mean ?

A
  • dhr, means to uphold
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3
Q

What is rta

A

principle of cosmic order, responsible for the functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial order of the universe.

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4
Q

What is asramavarnadharma?

A

Dharma depending on your age and caste in Hinduism.

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5
Q

What is Jati dharma?

A

dharma depending on family, and jati. Each family has different responsabilities

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6
Q

What is Sva dharma

A

personal dharma

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7
Q

What is Sanatana Dharma

A
  • the souls never ending propensity to serve God
  • A fundamental principle in guiding moral behaviour and social relationships.
  • A right way of life, duties and responsibilities, principles of order and harmony.
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8
Q

what is Stridharma

A

women’s dharma

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9
Q

What are the two categories in Sadharan dharma?

A

1) prhibition of murder, cruelty, incept. Must respect god and parents, be honest and moral.
2) Beyond the call of duty - punya

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10
Q

What are the 4 aims of life aka YAMAS if you follow Karma Marga

A

1) Arta - earning honest money
2) Kama- enjoyment of lifes pleasures
3) Dharma - knowing religious and social duty
4) Moksha - liberation and escape from samsara

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11
Q

What is karma

A
  • action and fruits of action
  • if you perform an action it must be paid back to you
  • chain that binds the atman into the wheel of samsara
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12
Q

what is satya

A
  • truth/ reality

- being truthful in ones thoughts, speech and actions

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13
Q

What is asteya

A

‘not stealing’

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14
Q

What is sauca

A

purity and cleanliness

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15
Q

What is punya

A

merit from good karma

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16
Q

what does Sanatana mean

A

timeless, eternal, without beginning or end

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17
Q

Why do Hindus believe their religion in sanatana dharma

A

it is :

  • eternal
  • fundamental
  • universal
  • natural & god based
  • right way of being and living
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18
Q

what is the exclusive view about sanatana dharma

A

only Hinduism is santana dharma, our way of life is the right way. It doesnt include any other religions

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19
Q

What is the pluralist view on sanatana dharma

A

Hinduism is only part of sanatana dharma, there are other ways people can live the right way of life through other religions.

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20
Q

What do Sanatanists believe according to Lipner?

A
  • that they are apart from reformed Hindus
  • they are apart from non Hindus
  • they are purer than everyone
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21
Q

What did lipner say sanatana dharma is

A

an ancient and continuing guideline relative to age and class

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22
Q

What did lipner say sva dharma was

A

the personal implement of class

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23
Q

give 5 differences between SD and VAD

A
  • SD = god centred, god is doer. VAD is human centred & earth bound, chose actions which will effect karma.
  • SD presumes all are equal. VAD is very exclusive, only males in top 3 castes.
  • SD more inclusive, we all have atman can all achieve moksha. VAD judged on purity very elitist.
  • SD could apply to all religions VAD only for hindus
  • SD has one aim, to achieve moksha. VAD has many aims aka punya
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24
Q

Give 3 similarities between SD and VAD

A
  • Both about maintaing order, SD order of cosmos and VAD with order in society
  • both referring to balance of universe
  • when doing one, also doing the other obeying VAD means maintained balance in society so no major disturbances in cosmos.
25
Q

What is patiseva

A

Wife’s service to husband, unconditional love towards husband, should undergo vows and fasts for the sake of well being of husband and family

26
Q

What is grhartha

A

Wifes duty to do housework

27
Q

What is the role of a mother

A
  • first spiritual teacher of child
28
Q

How are women represented in the UPanishads

A

Male and female are represented as equal halves of divine substance, each completing and fulfilling the other

29
Q

What does the upanishad say about the gender of atman

A
  • atman is genderless
  • ‘sexless self’
  • divine is neither male nor female
  • each atman has worth regardless of sex
30
Q

Examples of chaste and devoted women in scriptures

A
  • Sita , loyalty and devotion to her husband

- draupadi, devoted wife, offers comfort and rouses them to action when spirits are low

31
Q

What is strange about what the Dharmasutras say about women

A
  • on one hand they say they have status of goddess and should be worshipped as shakti
  • on other hand, lowered to status that is dehumanising
32
Q

What did Many say about the strdharma? 3 quotes

A

‘day and night should women be kept by the males’

  • didnt think women were capable of dependence
  • women seen as objects with no importance
33
Q

Many quote about women not being independent

A

‘their fathers must guard them in childhood, their husband in youth, their sons in old age,
a woman is never fit for independence.’

34
Q

Many quote about women serving men

A

‘a husband must always be served like a god by a good wife.’

35
Q

when do women gain more equal status?

A

If they have a son

36
Q

Why is there a preference for a male child?

A

the belief that only a son can perform the last funeral rights on the death of the father

37
Q

Why did girls stop being educated?

A
  • child marriage

- no initiation ceremony for girls

38
Q

What does Sati mean

A

virtuous woman

39
Q

Why is a daughter not looked at as a permanent member of the family?

A

Because she will be given away in marriage as dana (worthy gift)

40
Q

What have women been led to believe about marriage?

A

That is leads to degnity and recognition

41
Q

Where is a women’s main role?

A

In the home, perform pujas, are spiritual teachers to their children

42
Q

What role to women have regarding festivals

A
  • prepare special food and drink
  • female fasting, most popular annual female fast is Jaya Parvat Vrat, in honour of Shiva and Parvati
  • annual fast for young girls, called molkat, it honours goddess parvati and hopes that she will grant a good husband
43
Q

Woman’s responsibilities at home

A
  • responsable for welfare of her family and home
  • family’s adherence to the Hindu faith
  • Cooking
  • convey Hindu laws to children, eg, dietary laws, no meat
44
Q

Role of a wife

A
  • become the foundation of the home

- put husband’s family’s needs before her own

45
Q

What does wife wear (5)

A
  • sari
  • a chandlo, coloured spot on forehead
  • purello setho, filled parting with red powder called kunkoo
  • chudla, coloured bangles
  • Mangal sutra, gold necklace given by husband at marriage
46
Q

General thoughts on Women in hinduism

A

Essential part of Hindu home, maintains religious life intended and displayed by the gods. Subservient wife and loving mother.

47
Q

What is papa

A

sin

48
Q

What is Vivaha

A

wedding ceremony

49
Q

Moral principles of sanatana dharma:

A

1) Ahimsa
2) Satya
3) Asteya
4) sauca

50
Q

What is the importance of Sanatana dharma

A

ensures harmony, upholds essential Hinud values, guiding principles will lead to better rebirth or liberation.

51
Q

Whhat is Karma Yoga?

A
  • the way of action
52
Q

Holy women/ women priests

A
  • generally rare

- group of Hindu women set up a school for women priests in Pune despite strong opposition.

53
Q

Upanishad view on women

A
  • male and female as equal halves of one divine substance each completing a fulfilling the other.
54
Q

Easwaren dharma

A
  • underlying sense ‘that which supports.’ Implyis support from within.
  • on a large scale means essential order of thiings
55
Q

Fowler: Women’s roles (5)

A
  • not expected/ seen as capable to shoulder public responsibility.
  • like Sita, women are expected to be loving, faithful and loyal, willing to share the misfortunes of their husbands.
  • treat their husbands as a God
  • look after kitchen, make sure no impurities such as leather are worn.
  • for the average Hindu women, particularly in rural India life revolves around the family.
56
Q

Laws of manu, how should a woman be and not be

A

NO: have reddish hair, be quarrelsome, have the name of a tree or a constellation or that inspires terror.
YES: have an agreeable name, no bodily defects, have delicate limbs and small teeth.

57
Q

Marriage customs (3)

A
  • the seven steps ‘jointly before the sacred fire.’ For food, prosperity, strength, wealth, happiness and children.
  • four circles around the sacred fire, symbol of life stages.
  • dowry, gift given with bride to grooms family.
58
Q

Family (3)

A
  • extended family
  • men: must work and provide for family. Do the funeral rights. Inherit property.
  • women: raise the children. Be caring and compassionate.

Hinduism A2 (7 decks)

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