The hydrosphere

Question 1

what percentage of earths heat budget drives the climate?

Answer 1

99.9…%

Question 2

what percentage of water is ocean?

Answer 2

97.5%

Question 3

where is most freshwater stored

Answer 3

ice sheets, then groundwater

Question 4

name two processes of flux in

Answer 4

precipitation and run off

Question 5

name two processes of flux out

Answer 5

evaporation

Question 6

how does the state variable change in a negative feedback

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

how does the state variable change in a positive feedback

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

how does the water cycle affect the atmosphere

Answer 8

controls climate and temperature

Question 9

how does the water cycle affect the geosphere

Answer 9

denudation

Question 10

how does the water cycle affect the biosphere

Answer 10

key part of biogeochemical cycles

Question 11

what is streamflow made up of

Answer 11

base flow and storm flow

Question 12

what is an ephemeral stream

Answer 12

no base flow, dries up seasonally

Question 13

what is a perennial stream

Answer 13

has a base flow and doesnt dry up seasonally

Question 14

give two other words for a drainage basin

Answer 14

watershed, catchment

Question 15

what is a divide

Answer 15

line separating drainage basins

Question 16

purpose of a drainage basin

Answer 16

return water to ocean

Question 17

name the 5 factors controlling stream behaviour

Answer 17

1. channel depth and width
2. gradient
3. discharge
4. velocity
5. sediment load

Question 18

how many main ions are found dissolved in riverwater

Answer 18

7

Question 19

do more ions come from ground or surface water

Answer 19

ground water

Question 20

how is an alluvial fan created

Answer 20

stream shifting back and forth

Question 21

how much of liquid water is groundwater

Answer 21

less than 1%

Question 22

how much of groundwater is within 750m of the surface

Answer 22

over half

Question 23

what influences the make-up of dissolved materials in water

Answer 23

the rock it passes through

Question 24

what is groundwater flow known as

Answer 24

percolation

Question 25

what is an aquifer

Answer 25

underground layer of water-bearing porous stone, earth, or gravel

Question 26

what is an aquiclude

Answer 26

rock or regolith that slows or prohibits passage of groundwater

Question 27

what is a spring

Answer 27

flow of groundwater that emerges naturally

Question 28

what percentage of freshwater is used for crop irrigation, and industry

Answer 28

75% and 20%

Question 29

how many countries are under water stress

Answer 29

29

Question 30

name 3 factors that can impact water supplies

Answer 30

climate change, inter-basin transfers between regions, groundwater mining can lower the watertable