Matter Flashcards

1
Q

what are phases

A

masses of matter that can be separated by a definable boundary

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2
Q

what factor affects the rate of change of states

A

pressure

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3
Q

what is the most common state in the universe

A

plasma

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4
Q

what is plasma

A

ionized gas

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5
Q

where can plasma be found

A

the sun, lightning, aurora borealis

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6
Q

what are colloids, eg.

A

very fine particles suspended in a medium, gels/aerosols

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7
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom with excess negative or positive charges

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8
Q

what is a cation

A

an atom with excess positive charge

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9
Q

what is an anion

A

an atom with excess negative charge

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10
Q

what is a compound formed of

A

anion+cation

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11
Q

what is the smallest unit that has the properties of a compound

A

molecule

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12
Q

what distinguishes an organic compound

A

consists of carbon atoms joined to other carbon atoms by covalent bond

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13
Q

is CO2 organic

A

no

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14
Q

which earth system gave rise to the hydrosphere and atmosphere

A

geosphere

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15
Q

how can scientists study the structure of the geosphere

A

volcanic eruptions, remote sensing, comparisons to iron meteorites

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16
Q

what is a hydrothermal vent

A

a chemical reactor where hot and cold meet

17
Q

what two factors affect rock structure

A

pressure and heat

18
Q

name the layers of the earth and whether they are solid or molten

A
inner core- solid
outer core- molten
mesosphere- quite strong rock
asthenosphere- weak rock
lithosphere- strong rock
19
Q

briefly describe the origins of the atmosphere

A

1st atmosphere of hydrogen and helium stripped by solar wind.
core formation caused geomagnetic field to form
2nd atmosphere by volcanic outgassing: methane, CO2, ammonia and water vapour.

20
Q

how was the hydrosphere formed originally

A

water vapour from volcanic eruptions condensed and fell as precipitation

21
Q

how many main, abundant elements are there in the crust

22
Q

how much of the continental crust is made of silicon

23
Q

which two elements are nearly abundant in the crust

A

carbon and nitrogen

24
Q

give 5 characteristics of minerals

A

naturally formed, inorganic, solid, specific chemical composition, specific crystal structure

25
give the two main categories of crystal structure
amorphous (no crystal structure) and crystalline (regular pattern of ions)
26
what is a mineral called if it contains an oxygen anion
oxide
27
what is a mineral called if it contains a silicate anion
silicate
28
what type of mineral is the most abundant
silicate
29
give the three types of magma and their relative amounts of silica
basaltic- low (effusive eruption style) andesitic- medium rhyolitic- high (explosive)
30
what specific process during lava eruption forms oceanic crust
pillowing
31
how thick is oceanic crust on average
8km
32
what is a saprolite
a rock broken up but still in situ
33
what is alluvium
all sediment picked up and transported to another location where it is deposited
34
what type of regolith is an important bridge between the geosphere and biosphere?
soil