Matter

Question 1

what are phases

Answer 1

masses of matter that can be separated by a definable boundary

Question 2

what factor affects the rate of change of states

Answer 2

pressure

Question 3

what is the most common state in the universe

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

what is plasma

Answer 4

ionized gas

Question 5

where can plasma be found

Answer 5

the sun, lightning, aurora borealis

Question 6

what are colloids, eg.

Answer 6

very fine particles suspended in a medium, gels/aerosols

Question 7

what is an ion

Answer 7

an atom with excess negative or positive charges

Question 8

what is a cation

Answer 8

an atom with excess positive charge

Question 9

what is an anion

Answer 9

an atom with excess negative charge

Question 10

what is a compound formed of

Answer 10

anion+cation

Question 11

what is the smallest unit that has the properties of a compound

Answer 11

molecule

Question 12

what distinguishes an organic compound

Answer 12

consists of carbon atoms joined to other carbon atoms by covalent bond

Question 13

is CO2 organic

Answer 13

no

Question 14

which earth system gave rise to the hydrosphere and atmosphere

Answer 14

geosphere

Question 15

how can scientists study the structure of the geosphere

Answer 15

volcanic eruptions, remote sensing, comparisons to iron meteorites

Question 16

what is a hydrothermal vent

Answer 16

a chemical reactor where hot and cold meet

Question 17

what two factors affect rock structure

Answer 17

pressure and heat

Question 18

name the layers of the earth and whether they are solid or molten

Answer 18

inner core- solid
outer core- molten
mesosphere- quite strong rock
asthenosphere- weak rock
lithosphere- strong rock

Question 19

briefly describe the origins of the atmosphere

Answer 19

1st atmosphere of hydrogen and helium stripped by solar wind.
core formation caused geomagnetic field to form
2nd atmosphere by volcanic outgassing: methane, CO2, ammonia and water vapour.

Question 20

how was the hydrosphere formed originally

Answer 20

water vapour from volcanic eruptions condensed and fell as precipitation

Question 21

how many main, abundant elements are there in the crust

Answer 21

12

Question 22

how much of the continental crust is made of silicon

Answer 22

70%

Question 23

which two elements are nearly abundant in the crust

Answer 23

carbon and nitrogen

Question 24

give 5 characteristics of minerals

Answer 24

naturally formed, inorganic, solid, specific chemical composition, specific crystal structure

Question 25

give the two main categories of crystal structure

Answer 25

amorphous (no crystal structure) and crystalline (regular pattern of ions)

Question 26

what is a mineral called if it contains an oxygen anion

Answer 26

oxide

Question 27

what is a mineral called if it contains a silicate anion

Answer 27

silicate

Question 28

what type of mineral is the most abundant

Answer 28

silicate

Question 29

give the three types of magma and their relative amounts of silica

Answer 29

basaltic- low (effusive eruption style)
andesitic- medium
rhyolitic- high (explosive)

Question 30

what specific process during lava eruption forms oceanic crust

Answer 30

pillowing

Question 31

how thick is oceanic crust on average

Answer 31

8km

Question 32

what is a saprolite

Answer 32

a rock broken up but still in situ

Question 33

what is alluvium

Answer 33

all sediment picked up and transported to another location where it is deposited

Question 34

what type of regolith is an important bridge between the geosphere and biosphere?

Answer 34

soil