The Human Organism Flashcards
What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What is metabolism?
The ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
What is differentiation?
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
What is Morphogenesis?
Changes in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
First cells differentiate, then morphogenesis occurs as the cells take shape into their intended purpose (skin, bone, muscle, etc.)
What is homeostasis?
The existence and maintenance of a relatively consistent environment within the body.
Each cell in the body is surrounded by a small amount of fluid and the normal function of each cell depends on the maintenance of it’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions (volume, temperature, chemical content).
What is a set point?
A near ideal normal value.
Example there is a normal body temperature (set point), however there is also a variable normal range.
What is negative feedback?
Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
What is the role of the receptor?
Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure
What is the control centers role?
Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained.
What is the effectors role?
To change the value of the variable
What is stimulus?
A deviation from the set point
What is the response?
Produced by the effector to return variable back toward the set point.
What is a positive feedback response
They are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. This implies that when a deviation from normal value occurs the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater.
Foramen
Latin for hole
Magnum
Large
Etymology
The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed through history
What is the correct anatomical position?
Standing erect with feet facing forward and palms facing forward with thumbs pointed away from the body
Superior
Up
Inferior
Down
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Cephalic
Head
Caudal
Tail
Ventral
Means belly and is synonymous with anterior
Dorsal
Means back and is synonymous with posterior
Proximal
Nearest
Distal
Distant
Medial
Toward midline
Lateral
Means away from midline
Superficial
Close to the surface of the body
Deep
Toward the interior of the body
Prone
Placing the anterior surface down (belly down)
Supine
Lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (lie on the back)
Sagittal plane
Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portion.
Transverse/horizontal plane
Runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Think of a magician cutting a person in half.
Frontal/coronal plane
Runs vertically from right to left dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Longitudinal cut
Through the long axis of the organ.
Cross/traverse cut
Cut at a right angle to the long axis
Oblique cut
Cut made across the long axis other than a right angle
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nerves.
What is a serous membrane?
The covering of the organs of the trunk cavities, they also line the trunk cavities.
What is the visceral serous membrane?
The serous membrane that covers the organ.
What is a parietal serous membrane?
The serous membrane covering the wall of a body cavity
Pericardial cavity
This surrounds the heart, it is the fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes. The fluid found here is called pericardial fluid.
Pleural cavity
This surrounds the lung, space between the visceral membrane and the parietal membrane which is filled with pleural fluid.
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity which is filled with peritoneal fluid.
Mesenteries
Two layers of peritoneum fused together to anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. These are folds that attach the stomach, small intestine, pancreases and spleen to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
Retroperitoneal
Organs that do not have mesenteries, they are covered by the parietal peritoneum. Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreases, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder.
Where are the hypochondriac regions found?
Upper left and upper right sections of the abdomen. Think of the upper outer corners of the tick tack toe board.
Where is the epigastric region of the body?
Upper center section of a tic tack toe board, over the stomach.
Where are the lumbar regions of the abdomen?
Center outer sections of a tick tack toe board
Umbillical region
Center of the tick tack toe board. Where you would find the belly button.
Where are the Ilica regions located?
Lower right and left sections of the tick tack toe board.
Where is the hypogastric region found?
Lower center of the tick tack toe board, located below the belly button.
