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Anatomy And Physiology > The Human Organism > Flashcards

The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.

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4
Q

What is Morphogenesis?

A

Changes in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

First cells differentiate, then morphogenesis occurs as the cells take shape into their intended purpose (skin, bone, muscle, etc.)

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively consistent environment within the body.

Each cell in the body is surrounded by a small amount of fluid and the normal function of each cell depends on the maintenance of it’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions (volume, temperature, chemical content).

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6
Q

What is a set point?

A

A near ideal normal value.

Example there is a normal body temperature (set point), however there is also a variable normal range.

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7
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

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8
Q

What is the role of the receptor?

A

Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure

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9
Q

What is the control centers role?

A

Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained.

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10
Q

What is the effectors role?

A

To change the value of the variable

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11
Q

What is stimulus?

A

A deviation from the set point

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12
Q

What is the response?

A

Produced by the effector to return variable back toward the set point.

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13
Q

What is a positive feedback response

A

They are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. This implies that when a deviation from normal value occurs the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater.

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14
Q

Foramen

A

Latin for hole

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15
Q

Magnum

A

Large

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16
Q

Etymology

A

The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed through history

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17
Q

What is the correct anatomical position?

A

Standing erect with feet facing forward and palms facing forward with thumbs pointed away from the body

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18
Q

Superior

A

Up

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19
Q

Inferior

A

Down

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20
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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21
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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22
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

23
Q

Caudal

A

Tail

24
Q

Ventral

A

Means belly and is synonymous with anterior

25
Q

Dorsal

A

Means back and is synonymous with posterior

26
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest

27
Q

Distal

A

Distant

28
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

29
Q

Lateral

A

Means away from midline

30
Q

Superficial

A

Close to the surface of the body

31
Q

Deep

A

Toward the interior of the body

32
Q

Prone

A

Placing the anterior surface down (belly down)

33
Q

Supine

A

Lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (lie on the back)

34
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portion.

35
Q

Transverse/horizontal plane

A

Runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Think of a magician cutting a person in half.

36
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A

Runs vertically from right to left dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

37
Q

Longitudinal cut

A

Through the long axis of the organ.

38
Q

Cross/traverse cut

A

Cut at a right angle to the long axis

39
Q

Oblique cut

A

Cut made across the long axis other than a right angle

40
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nerves.

41
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

The covering of the organs of the trunk cavities, they also line the trunk cavities.

42
Q

What is the visceral serous membrane?

A

The serous membrane that covers the organ.

43
Q

What is a parietal serous membrane?

A

The serous membrane covering the wall of a body cavity

44
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

This surrounds the heart, it is the fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes. The fluid found here is called pericardial fluid.

45
Q

Pleural cavity

A

This surrounds the lung, space between the visceral membrane and the parietal membrane which is filled with pleural fluid.

46
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity which is filled with peritoneal fluid.

47
Q

Mesenteries

A

Two layers of peritoneum fused together to anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. These are folds that attach the stomach, small intestine, pancreases and spleen to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

48
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs that do not have mesenteries, they are covered by the parietal peritoneum. Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreases, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder.

49
Q

Where are the hypochondriac regions found?

A

Upper left and upper right sections of the abdomen. Think of the upper outer corners of the tick tack toe board.

50
Q

Where is the epigastric region of the body?

A

Upper center section of a tic tack toe board, over the stomach.

51
Q

Where are the lumbar regions of the abdomen?

A

Center outer sections of a tick tack toe board

52
Q

Umbillical region

A

Center of the tick tack toe board. Where you would find the belly button.

53
Q

Where are the Ilica regions located?

A

Lower right and left sections of the tick tack toe board.

54
Q

Where is the hypogastric region found?

A

Lower center of the tick tack toe board, located below the belly button.

Anatomy And Physiology (2 decks)

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