The Human Organism

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?

Answer 1

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 2

What is metabolism?

Answer 2

The ability to use energy to perform vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

Question 3

What is differentiation?

Answer 3

Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.

Question 4

What is Morphogenesis?

Answer 4

Changes in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

First cells differentiate, then morphogenesis occurs as the cells take shape into their intended purpose (skin, bone, muscle, etc.)

Question 5

What is homeostasis?

Answer 5

The existence and maintenance of a relatively consistent environment within the body.

Each cell in the body is surrounded by a small amount of fluid and the normal function of each cell depends on the maintenance of it’s fluid environment within a narrow range of conditions (volume, temperature, chemical content).

Question 6

What is a set point?

Answer 6

A near ideal normal value.

Example there is a normal body temperature (set point), however there is also a variable normal range.

Question 7

What is negative feedback?

Answer 7

Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

Question 8

What is the role of the receptor?

Answer 8

Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure

Question 9

What is the control centers role?

Answer 9

Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained.

Question 10

What is the effectors role?

Answer 10

To change the value of the variable

Question 11

What is stimulus?

Answer 11

A deviation from the set point

Question 12

What is the response?

Answer 12

Produced by the effector to return variable back toward the set point.

Question 13

What is a positive feedback response

Answer 13

They are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. This implies that when a deviation from normal value occurs the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater.

Question 14

Foramen

Answer 14

Latin for hole

Question 15

Magnum

Answer 15

Large

Question 16

Etymology

Answer 16

The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed through history

Question 17

What is the correct anatomical position?

Answer 17

Standing erect with feet facing forward and palms facing forward with thumbs pointed away from the body

Question 18

Superior

Answer 18

Up

Question 19

Inferior

Answer 19

Down

Question 20

Anterior

Answer 20

Front

Question 21

Posterior

Answer 21

Back

Question 22

Cephalic

Answer 22

Head

Question 23

Caudal

Answer 23

Tail

Question 24

Ventral

Answer 24

Means belly and is synonymous with anterior

Question 25

Dorsal

Answer 25

Means back and is synonymous with posterior

Question 26

Proximal

Answer 26

Nearest

Question 27

Distal

Answer 27

Distant

Question 28

Medial

Answer 28

Toward midline

Question 29

Lateral

Answer 29

Means away from midline

Question 30

Superficial

Answer 30

Close to the surface of the body

Question 31

Deep

Answer 31

Toward the interior of the body

Question 32

Prone

Answer 32

Placing the anterior surface down (belly down)

Question 33

Supine

Answer 33

Lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (lie on the back)

Question 34

Sagittal plane

Answer 34

Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portion.

Question 35

Transverse/horizontal plane

Answer 35

Runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Think of a magician cutting a person in half.

Question 36

Frontal/coronal plane

Answer 36

Runs vertically from right to left dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Question 37

Longitudinal cut

Answer 37

Through the long axis of the organ.

Question 38

Cross/traverse cut

Answer 38

Cut at a right angle to the long axis

Question 39

Oblique cut

Answer 39

Cut made across the long axis other than a right angle

Question 40

What does the mediastinum contain?

Answer 40

Heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nerves.

Question 41

What is a serous membrane?

Answer 41

The covering of the organs of the trunk cavities, they also line the trunk cavities.

Question 42

What is the visceral serous membrane?

Answer 42

The serous membrane that covers the organ.

Question 43

What is a parietal serous membrane?

Answer 43

The serous membrane covering the wall of a body cavity

Question 44

Pericardial cavity

Answer 44

This surrounds the heart, it is the fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal serous membranes. The fluid found here is called pericardial fluid.

Question 45

Pleural cavity

Answer 45

This surrounds the lung, space between the visceral membrane and the parietal membrane which is filled with pleural fluid.

Question 46

Peritoneal cavity

Answer 46

Abdominopelvic cavity which is filled with peritoneal fluid.

Question 47

Mesenteries

Answer 47

Two layers of peritoneum fused together to anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. These are folds that attach the stomach, small intestine, pancreases and spleen to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

Question 48

Retroperitoneal

Answer 48

Organs that do not have mesenteries, they are covered by the parietal peritoneum. Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreases, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder.

Question 49

Where are the hypochondriac regions found?

Answer 49

Upper left and upper right sections of the abdomen. Think of the upper outer corners of the tick tack toe board.

Question 50

Where is the epigastric region of the body?

Answer 50

Upper center section of a tic tack toe board, over the stomach.

Question 51

Where are the lumbar regions of the abdomen?

Answer 51

Center outer sections of a tick tack toe board

Question 52

Umbillical region

Answer 52

Center of the tick tack toe board. Where you would find the belly button.

Question 53

Where are the Ilica regions located?

Answer 53

Lower right and left sections of the tick tack toe board.

Question 54

Where is the hypogastric region found?

Answer 54

Lower center of the tick tack toe board, located below the belly button.