The Human Brain Lab 2 Flashcards
What is the human brain dependant on?
Body mass
What sort of brain were we holding?
a plastinated brain
Infused with plastic
Dehydration of the brain –> resulting in exaggerated sulci
Real brain is soft and mushy, containing fluid
What were the sulci like on our brain that we held?
Exaggerated
Due to the dehydration of the brain when undergoing plastination
What were exagerated in our brain model?
Sulci
- due to dehydration
- normally soft and squishy and fluid filled
What does medial view mean?
Down the midline
-runs down the longitudinal fissure of the brain which separates the left and right hemispheres
What is the “down the midline” view?
Medial view
Where is the longitudinal fissure?
runs LONG through the brain, LONGITUDINALLY down the middle separating the 2x Left and Right Hemispheres
-opened/exposes you see the medial view
What is the fissure which separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
What is the Corpus callosum made out of?
White matter
Commisural fibre
L and R
connects the 2x sides -(same as A.W.Commissure)
allows COMMUNICATION between the 2x sides of the brain
Is the Corpus callosum a commisural, association or projection fibre?
CC Commisural
L and R
Connects the 2x hemispheres
White mater tract
allows COMMUNICATION between both hemispheres
-similar to the AWC anterior white COMMISURE connecting both halves of the spinal cord
What are the 3x types of communication between the brain?
CAP
Commisural fibres
Association fibres
Projection tracts
What are the 2x examples of commisural fibres?
CCC Corpus Callosum
AWCCC anterior white Commissure
Commisural fibres, connect the L and R sides, allows CCCCCOMMINICATION between the 2x Left and Right hemispheres of the brain
What is the 1x example of association fibres?
Arcuate fascicles (connects the Wernickes in Temporal lobe to Brocas in Frontal lobe)
Front and back of the brain
connects different lobes of the brain
What is the 1x example of projection fibres?
Internal capsule
Up and down
White matter high way, which carries Sensory/motor information
What parts of the brain do projection fibres connect?
Up and down
sensory and motor highway for information
What are examples of sensory and motor white matter highways for information?
HIGH = UP = projection fibres- which go Up and down
Internal capsule
What parts of the brain to commissural fibres connect?
Left and Right sides Allows for communication White matter tract CCCCCCorpus Callosum AWCCCCCCC
What parts of the brain do association fibres connect?
Front and back
Connects different Lobes
e.g. Arcuate fasiculus connects Temporal Lobed’ Wernickes area and Frontal Lobed’ Brocas area
What are the 5x components of the Forebrain’s Superficial part of the Hemisphere?
- Cortex
- Corpus Callosum
- Parieto-occipital sulcus
- Calcarine sulcus
- Primary visual cortex
What are the view of the Parieto-occipital sulcus?
Landmark gap/sulcus between the parietal and occipital lobe
Extends down on the Lateral side (outer exterior side view)
More obvious from the medial view
Where is the Parieto Occipital sulcus more obvious?
in the Medial view (as you learn from the inside) ::)
What is the calcarine sulcus?
Groove/gap running through the middle of the primary visual cortex
What is the primary visual cortex?
Is on either side of the calcarine sulcus
Receives and perceives visual information
Central = Tip CT
Peripheral = deep PD
Cone shaped
What shape is the primary visual cortex?
Cone shaped
What structures in the Forebrain’s Superficial part of the hemisphere is cone shaped?
Primary visual cortex
which is on either side of the calcarine sulcus
What does the cortex, Corpus callosum, Parieto-Occipital sulcus, Calcarine sulcus and Primary visual cortex collectively make?
Forebrain’s superficial part of the heispher
What does the Forebrain’s Basal ganglia of the hemisphere consist of?
- Parts are difficult to see
- buried deep into the hemispheres
- HEAD of the Caudate nucleus potentially possible to see. It bulges against the wall of the lateral ventricle
What is the potential part of the forebrain’s basal ganglia that you could see that isn’t deeply buried hidden in the hemisphere?
HEAD of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS
bulge on the wall of the LAteral Ventricle
What is a bulge on the wall of the lateral ventricle?
HEAD of the CAUDATE nucleus- the only part of the basal ganglia which you can see /isn’t buried deep hidden in the hemisphere from the medial view
Where is the caudate nucleus seen in the medial view and which part of the caudate nucleus is seen?
in the LATERAL ventricle
- only part of the basal ganglia seen from the medial view which isn’t buried deep hidden from view
- the HEAD of the caudate nucleus
What are the 5x elements of the Forebrain’s diencephalon?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalmus
- Mammillary body
- Pituitary Gland
- Third ventricle
Where is the Thalamus located?
Forebrain’s diencephalon
Thalamus has the intermediate mass between it
And the 3rd ventricle on top and below if the intermediate mass, with the thalamus on either side
Where is the intermediate mass located?
Between the Thalamus of either lobe
Has the 3rd ventricle above and below the intermediate mass, on the inside of the 2x thalamus
What is above and below of the intermediate mass, with the Thalamus on either side?
3rd ventricle
Where is the Hypothalamus located?
Forebrain’s diencephalon
What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
controls INTERNAL body functions and AUTONOMIC nervous system e.g. Temperature control
senses are recieved and respond accordingly e.g. vasodilation, sweating
Where in the brain is the control of body functions?
Hpoythalamus
Where in the brain is the control of autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Where is the mammilary body located?
Forebrain’s Diencephalon
What is the function of the mammilary body?
Olfactory (smell) recognition
Where in the body is the recognition of smell?
Mammillary body
- Olfactory (smell) recognition
- adds smell sensation to memory
- reflux response to smell
Where in the body is olfactory recognition>
Mammillary body
-smell/olfactory recognition in the Forebrain’s diencephalon of the brain
Where is the Pituitary gland located?
Forebrain’s Diencephalon
What is the function of the Pituitary gland?
attached to the hypothalamus (via infundibulum)
Controlled by hormone secretion
Protected well in the skull, but is torn off when the skull is removed
When is the pituitary gland well protected?
When the skull is all attached
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
Forebrain’s diencephalon
- it is the Ventricle of the diencephalon
- Narrow vertical cleft on the midline
- only visible as a slight depression on the thalamus
- fuiled with CSF (CSF filled cavity)
What add smell sensation to the memory?
Mammillary body
in the forebrain’s diencephalon
What causes reflux response to smell?
Mammillary body
What is the ventricle of the diencephalon?
3rd ventricle
What is the CSF filled cavity in the brain?
Third ventricle
IS the ventricle of the diencephalon
What is the 3rd ventricle cavity like?
Narrow Verticle Cleft on the midline
What is a Narrow Vertical Cleft on the midline?
NVC 3rd ventricle
What does NVC stand for?
The ventricle of the diencephalon (the third ventricle) being the Narrow Vertical Cleft on the midline
Is the 3rd ventricle filled or empty of CSF?
The 3rd ventricle IS FILLED with CSF (a CSF filled cavity) in the brain
What is the slight depression overlying the lateral ventricle?
The third ventricle
IS a NVC Narrow vertical cleft which has a slight depression overlying the lateral ventricle
What are the 3x components of the Midbrain?
- Superior and Inferior colliculi
- Cerebral Aqueduct
- Cerebral peduncles
Where are the Superior and Inferior Colliculi located?
In the Mid brain
What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi?
Both are the “Roof” of the MIDbrain
overal is involved with Reflex response
Superior c : S IIII has a minor visual control of eye movemnt
Inferior c : has a minor hearing control of movemments in response to auditory stimuli
What composes the “Roof” of the midbrain?
superior and Inferior colliculi
What is the role fo the superior colliculi which compirses the “roof” of the midbrain?
Minor visual control over eye MOVMEENT
What hasminor visual control over eye MOVEMENTS?
Superior colliculi
What part of the roof of the Mid brain (which colliculi) has minor control over Eye Movements?
Superior colliculi in the midbrain’s roof
What has minor hearing control over MOVEMENTS in reponse to auditroy stimuli?
The INferior collicule
What part of the roof of the Mid brain (which colliculi) as minor hearing control over movements in response to auditory stimuli?
Inferior collilcuili in the midbrain’s roof
What part of the brain (mid brain) is in control of Reflex response?
Roof/Superior and Inferior colliculi of the Midbrain
What is the overall function of the Superior and Inferior Colliculi of the Midbrain’s roof?
Reflex control
What part of the brain is the cerebral aqueduct located in?
The midbrain
What is the main function of the cerebral aqueduct?
To connnect the 3rd and 4th ventricle
Narrow passage-thick as a matchstick
Often missed when the mortician cuts the hemispheres with a knife
What is often missed by a mortician when he separates the hemispheres?
The cerebral aqueduct
What is the relatioship beween the cerebral aqueduct nad the mortician?
The mortician, when cutting to separate the hemispheres, often misses the narrow, match stick thickness Cererbal aqueduct, which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
What part of the brain is considered to be narrow and of match stick thickness?
Cerebral aqueduct
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle of the brain
What size is the cerebral aqueduct?
Matchstick thickness
NArrow
Where si teh Cerebral peduncles located?
In the midbrain
What are the main functions of the Cerebral Peduncles of the midbrain?
Thick
White matter tract
Makes up the “floor” of the midbrain
Carries the information between 2x areas.
1. the Cerebral cortex and the Spinal Cord (corticospinal fibres)
2. cortex and the pons (corticopontine fibres)
What are the fibres connecting the cerebral cortex and spinal cord called?
Corticospinal fibres
What are the information carrying fibres which connect the cerebral cortex and the pons?
Corticopontine fibres
What are the 2x fibres which compose the Cerebral Peduncles?
- corticospinal fibres (thick white matter tracts allowing information to pass from the cerebral CORTEX to the spinal cord)
- corticopontine fibres (thick white matter tracts allowing information to pass from the cerebral CORTEX to the pons)-results in cranial nuclei being located in the pos
What makes up the Floor of the mid brain?
Cerebral Peduncles
What is the structure of the cerebral peduncles?
Thick, white matter tract
-allows for carrying of information too 2x area (spinal cord and pons (via the cortico spinal and corticopontine fibres respectively))
What do the 3x structures Colliculi(superior and inferior), Cerebral aqueduct and Cerebral peduncle collectively form?
The mid brain
What are the 3 (+1) structures of the Hindbrain?
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- MEdulla
- 4th ventricle
Where is the pons located?
Hind brain
Waht is the function of the pons?
“bridge”
Carries thick white matter tact corticospinal fibres connected to the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain
Contains Nuclei of cranial nerves
-contains BOTH GRAY and White matter
Waht sort of nuclei does the pons carry?
Pons at the top of the brain stem carries the nuclei of CRANIAL nerves
What does the pons carry?
nuclei of cranial nerves (from the corticopontine nerves from the cerebral peduncles)
+ carries nerves of the cortico spinal tracts axons
Therefore contains BOTH GRAY and WHITE matter
Also a Commisural tract (between sides)
Where are theu nuclie of cranial nerves?
In the pons
allong with carrying coritocospinal nerves
=therefore the pons contains BOTH gray matter and white matter
Waht part of the hind brain contains both Gray and white matter?
The pons:
1. Cranial nuclei = GRAY matter (from the corticopontine white tracts in the cerebral peduncles, from the cererbal cortex)
2. CARRIES Corticospinal axons= WHITE matter (from the cererbal cortex and having passed through the cerebral peduncles prior)
(also a Commicural tract) P C (Pons Commisuraltract) - commisural fibre on either side of the cerebrellum
What type of matter does thePONS contain?
BOTH gray and white matter (contains Cranial nuclei and carries axon tracts) (PC) (pons Commisural tract)
What sort of tract does the Pons contain?
Commisural tract
Waht does pons ,mean?
“bridge”
Waht is the “bridge” in the brain?
The Pons
Pons = “bridge”
What sort of fibres is on either side of the cerebellum?
commissural fibre
Where is the Cerebellum located?
Hind brain
Whst is the function of the cerebrellum?
“Motor centr”
Co-ordinates movement
-Cotnrols movment on the SAME side of the body
-Posterior and Dorsal
What is the lcoation of the cerebellum in the brain in general, besides from the fact the it is part of the hind brain?
Cerebellum is at the back
Therefore POSTERIOR and DORSAL
What type of centre is the cerebrellum?
Motor centre - as it controls to co-ordination fo muscle movmement
Waht type of control does the cerebellum have over the side of the body?
The cereBELLUM is the only part of the brain which controls the SAME side of the body as to itself
Where is the location of the Medulla?
in the Hind brain
What is the main function of the medulla?
Medulla carries 3x things
- CorticoSpinal fibres “the pyramids”
- cranial nuclei
- Gray matter that controls the heart and breathing
What sort of cortico spinal fibres does the medulla contain?
“the pyramis”
Where do the cotrico-spianl fibres of “the pyramids” go through?
- cerebral peduncle
- pons
- “the pyramids” are in the Medulla
Does the Medulla contain both gray and white matter?
Yes
Axons of the corticospinal pyramidal tracts
Gray matter of the Cranial nucles
and Gray matter which controls breathing and the ehart
Waht tpy of special gray matter does the medulla contain?
Gray matter
Which controls 2x things
1. The heart
2. Breathing
What 2x things does the medullary gray matter control?
1 The heart.
2. Breathing
What controls breathing in the brain?
Gray matter in the medulla
what controls the heart in the hind brain?
The Gray matter located in the Medulla
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
in the Hind brain
What are the main functions of the 4th ventricle?
CSF fluid containing ventricle
What do the 3 (+1) parts of the Pons, Medulla, cerebellum motor system and 4th ventricle collectively form?
The Hind brain
Can you see the temporal lobe from the medial view?
YES
but you can see it better from the lateral view
What is continuous with the spinal cord?
The brain stem
Are the brain stem and spinal cord separate or continuous?
Continuous
What part of the parieto-occipital sulcus is seen on the lateral view?
Superior end of the parieto-occipital sulcus
What is the relationship between the central sulcus and the lateral fissure?
The central sulcus and the lateral fissure usually do not touch, but they come close to one another
What are the changes between different people, of the pre-occipital notch?
gradient/angle changes
Where are there gradient/angle changes in the posterior parts of the brain?
In the placement of the pre-occipital notch
-angle/gradient changes
What does the pre-occipital notch actually resemble?
The junction between the Occipital vertical boundary line and the Temporal bottom horizontal boundary line closest to the cerebellum (bottom edge)
What 2x lobes form the intersection of the pre-occipital notch closest to the cerebellum?
Occipital and Temporal lobe
What is the function of Primary areas?
Receive and perceive information
Where is information received and perceived?
In the primary motor areas
What is the function of the Secondary areas?
Analyse and Interpret information
Where is information analysed and interpreted?
Secondary areas
Where does Exner’s area appear in the brain?
EXNERS area ONLY appears in the LEFT side of the brain
Verbal language dominated
therefore found in the DOMINANT VERBALhemisphere
Where does Wernike’s are appear in the brain?
WERNICKES area ONLY appears in the LEFT side of the brain
Verbal language dominated
therefore found in the DOMINANT VERBAL hemisphere
Where does Brocas area appear in the brain?
BROCAs area ONLY appears in the LEFT side of the brain
Verbal language dominated
therefore foung in the DOMINANT VERBAL hemisphere
Where does the Supra-Marginal Angular Gyrus appear?
SMAGLA ONLY appears on the LEFT side of the brain
Verbal language dominated
therefore found in the DOMINANT VERBAL hemisphere
Is Exners area, brocas area, wernicke’s area and SMAGLA found in both hemispheres?
NO
Exners, Brocas and Wernicke’s area and SMAGLA are all Verbal Language dominated and are therefore found on the Dominant Left Verbal Hemisphere
What area on the left hemisphere controls hand movmements and writing?
Exners area
What does exners area control?
Hand movement snad writing
What areas on the left hemisphere controls the LT Larynx and tongue for speech?
Brocas area
What 2x areas LT does Broca’s area control?
LT
Larynx and Tongue
What are on the Left hemisphere is the main processing centre for spoken language?
Wernicke’s centre
What does Wernicke’s area resemble?
The main processing centre for SPOKEN language
What are on the Left hemisphere only interprets visual symbols as written words?
SMAGLA
What does SMAGLA resemble?
the place of INTERPRETING Visual SYMBOLS as words
What happens in the supra marginal angular gyrus?
there is Interpretation of Visual symbols as Words
What happens when you HEAR a question and you WRITE a reply?
- 1 primary auditory cortex
- wernicke’s area on L hemispere
- -arcuate fasiculus–> - Brocas speech area on L hemisphere
- -association fibres white matter –> - 1 Primary motor cortex /premotor area
- –FEEDBACK LOOP so can CHECK everything you SPOKE IN REPLY was okay –> - 1 auditory area
What happens when you read a written question and you write a reply?
- 1 visual cortex/frontal eye fields
- SMGA
- Exners area
- 1 motor cortex
- -FEEDBACK LOOP so can CHECK everyting you WROTE IN REPLY was okay –> - 1 visual cortex/frontal eye fields
What is the lateral view?
Outside Side view
What is the outside view called?
LAteral view
“side/outside” view
What part of the primary motor cortex goes into the longitudinal fissure?
Feet part of the primary motor cortex
What is Exners area close to?
Hand area of the motor cortex
Where is vocalisation/face on the primary motor cortex?
at the Front
Where is Wernicke’s area located?
The Superior Temporal gyrus
What is located on the SUPERIOR Temporal gyrus?
Wernicke’s area
What is located on the Inferior Frontal gyrus?
Brocas speech area
Where is Broca’s speech area located?
Inferior Frontal gyrus
