Digestive system and Body cavities (Rat Dissection) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the biological name for a rat?
A
Rattus norvegicus albinus
2
Q
What does Rattus Norvgicus albinus stand for?
A
Rat’s biological name
3
Q
What is the rat an example of?
A
A generalised mammal
4
Q
What is the weight of a rat when it is fully grown?
A
300 grams
fully grown at 6-8 months
lifespan of 3 years
5
Q
What does the weight of 300 grams refer to?
A
The weight of a full grown rat
At 6-8 months
with a life span of 3 years
6
Q
When is a rat considered to be fully grown?
A
6-8 months
7
Q
What is the life span of a rat?
A
3 years
8
Q
What does the value of 3 years resemble?
A
The life span of a rat
9
Q
What does the value of 6-8 months resemble?
A
The time a rat in considered to be fully grown from?
10
Q
What sort of teeth do rats have?
A
2x incisors - are sharp and well developed, chisel shaped for gnawing. Have gaps between these incisors but are variable/can change at will
no canines
Enamel on anterior side of teeth. No enamel on posterior side
lower jaw/mandible is hinged in the middle, and is made out of 2x pieces
11
Q
What side of the teeth has enamel on it?
A
Anterior
-NO enamel on posterior side of the teeth
12
Q
Does the anterior side of the teeth have enamel on it?
A
Yes
- the anterior side of the teeth Does have enamel on it
- the posterior side of the teeth Doesn’t have enamel on it
13
Q
What is on the anterior side of a rat’s teeth?
A
enamel
14
Q
Do rats have incisors?
A
yes
- they Do have incisors
- the DONT have canines
15
Q
What are the adaptable features of a mouse’s incisors?
A
- Chisel shaped - adapted for gnawing
- Anterior enamel
- Gaps between the incisors- of variable size, gap size can be changed at will
16
Q
Between which teeth are there gaps in rats?
A
Between the incisors
-of variable size of gap - can be changed at will
17
Q
What shape are the rat’s incisors?
A
chisel shaped- adapted for gnawing
18
Q
What are the rat’s incisors chisel shaped?
A
adapted for gnawing
19
Q
What are the name of rat’s whiskers?
A
vibrissae
20
Q
What are vibrissae?
A
Rats whiskers
-tactile organs - allows the rat to sense without sight in darkness
21
Q
What sort of organs are vibrissae (rat whiskers)?
A
Tactile organs
-allows the rat to sense without sight in darkness
22
Q
What is an example of a tactile organ?
A
Vibrissae - rat whiskers
-they allow the rate to sense without sight in darkness
23
Q
What are nares?
A
Rat nostrils
- can open and close
- the opening and closing of nares prevents water from entering when rats are underwater
24
Q
What is the name of rat’s nostrils?
A
nares
-rat’s nares/nostrils can open and close, preventing water from entering the rats nose when they are underwater
25
What is the main functional ability of nares (rat's nostrils)?
They can open and close
| -preventing water from entering when rats are underwater
26
What sort of organ is the rat's tail?
a balancing organ for balance
27
What is an example of a balancing organ in a rat?
Tail
28
How many digits do rat's have on their paws?
5
- pentadactyl
- just like humans
29
how many digits do human's have on their hands?
5
- pentadactyl
- just like rats (have 5x digits on their paws)
30
What is it called when rats and humans have 5x digits on their paws/hands?
Pentadactyl
| -they have 5x digits/fingers/toes
31
What does pentadactyl mean?
5x digits on their paws
| -BOTH humans and rats
32
What are the 5x component of the Thoracic cavity?
```
HL TOT
Heart
Lungs
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thymus (Not thyroid)
```
33
What does HL TOT stand for?
the 5x components in the thoracic cavity
| Heart Lungs Trachea Oesophagus Thymus
34
What is the anagram for the Thoracic cavity?
```
HL TOT 5x components
Heart
Lungs
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thymus
```
35
What are the 7x components of the abdominal components?
```
C PLLSSS
Caecum
Pancreas
Liver
Large intestine
Small intestine
Stomach
Spleen
```
36
What does C PLLSSS stand for?
The 7x components of the abdominal cavity
C PLLSSS Caecum Pancreas Liver
Large intestine Spleen Stomach Small Intestine
37
What is the anagram for the abdominal cavity?
C PLLSSS 7x components
| Caecum Pancreas Liver Large intestine Stomach Spleen Small intestine
38
Where is the Diaphragm located?
Between the thoracic and Abdominal cavity
| It is the physical barrier between the two T and A cavity
39
What is the physical barrier between the Abdominal and Thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
| -the physical barrier separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity
40
How many types of major body cavities do humans have?
3x TYPES
1. 2x Pleural cavities
2. 1x Pericardial cavities
3. 1x peritoneal cavity
41
What 3x major body cavities are located in the thoracic cavities?
1. 2x pleural cavities
| 2. 1x pericardial cavity
42
What major body cavity is located in the abdominal cavity?
peritoneal cavity
43
What is the name for the cavity of the gut?
Peritoneal cavity
44
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The cavity surrounding the gut
45
What is the pericardial cavity?
the cavity surrounding the heart
46
What is the cavity surrounding the heart called?
Pericardial cavity
47
What are the 2x pleural cavities?
The 2x cavities for each lung
48
What are the cavities surrounding each lung?
The 2x pleural cavities
49
What are the similarities between the 4x body cavities?
They all have the same conceptual structure
50
Which peritoneum lines the body wall?
Parietal peritoneum
51
What does the parietal peritoneum line?
the body WALL
52
What peritoneum lines organs?
Visceral peritoneum
| -"viscera" = organ
53
What does the visceral peritoneum line?
the organ
54
What does the peritoneal cavity avoid friction between?
Gut wall and Abdominal wall
55
What does the gut wall avoid friction/rubbing against due to the presence of the peritoneal cavity?
abdominal wall
56
What does the abdominal wall avoid friction/rubbing against, due to the presence of the peritoneal cavity?
gut wall
57
What avoid friction between the gut wall and abdominal wall?
The peritoneal cavity
58
What could friction between organs result in?
Inflammation
59
What does the pericardial cavity avoid friction between?
The heart wall(heart beating) and the thoracic cavity(lung movement)
-both dynamic structures
60
What does the heart avoid friction /rubbing against due to the presence of the pericardial cavity?
thoracic cavity (lung movement)
61
What does the thoracic cavity avoid friction against due to the presence of the pericardial cavity?
Heart (heart beating)
62
What does the lubricating serous fluid result in?
Wet, slipper surface
63
What suspends the small intestine holding it in place, and anchoring it to the dorsal body wall/ back of the abdominal wall?
Mesentery
64
What are the 2x functions of the mesentery?
1. suspends the small intestine organs
| 2. to anchor the small intestine to the dorsal body wall/back of the abdominal wall
65
What is the mesentery made out of?
Double layer of peritoneum
Visceral and parietal peritoneum are continuous with one another
Fans out
It a Translucent and slippery layer
Has blood vessels and nerves which branch within (the mesentery) supplying the small intestine
66
What is a double of layer of peritoneum?
Mesentry
-the visceral and partiel peritoneum are contrinuous with one aother
fans out
67
What does the mesentery suspending and attaching the small intestine look like?
Fans out
Thin and Translucent and slippery layer
Contains blood vessels and nerves and lymphatic within to supply the small intestine
68
What does the mesentery contain within?
Blood vessels, Nerves and lymphatic's within
| Supplies the small intestines
69
Is the mesentery translucent or opaque?
Translucent - thin and slippery too
70
Is the mesentery dry or slippery?
Slippery
thin and opaque
-contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic's within to SUPPLY the small intestine
71
What do normal lungs look like?
bright pink
| Spongy
72
What are normally bright pink and spongy?
Normal Lungs (non-haemorrhaged)
73
What do haemorrhaged lungs look like?
Dark red
| Blood-fluid filled
74
What are dark red and fluid filled ?
Haemorrhaged (due to co2 blood clot) Lungs
| -in the small blood vessels
75
What can kill a rat via their lungs?
carbon dioxide gas
76
How can carbon dioxide CO2 kill rats?
Causes a Haemorrhage in their lungs
| in the small blood vessels in the lungs
77
What is located at the anterior of the heart?
The Thymus
- located at the top base/anterior of the rats heart (superior in a human heart)
- is a lymphatic organ/part of the lymphatic system
- role in the formation of TTTTTT-lymphocytes (T cells)
78
What lymphatic organ is located at the base of the heart?
Thymus
| -formation of T -cells/lymphocytes
79
Where is the thymus located?
At the Base of the heart
Anterior (top) of the rats heart
Superior (top) of a human heart
80
What carries blood away from the heart?
aorta
81
What does the aorta do?
carry blood away from the heart
82
What does the coeliac artery supply blood to?
foregut
83
What supplies blood to the foregut?
coeliac artery
84
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
The midgut
85
What supplies blood to the mid gut?
Superior mesenteric artery
86
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
The hindgut
87
What supplies blood to the hind gut?
The inferior mesenteric artery
88
What are the 2x arteries involved with supply blood to the gut?
1. COELIAC artery --> supplies blood to the FOREgut
2. SUPERIOR Mesenteric artery --> supplies blood to the MIDgut
3. INFEROR Mesenteric artery --> supplies blood to the HINDgut
89
What 5x elements does the digestive system compose itself of?
```
MOSSL
Mout
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestines
```
90
What is the order of the digestive system?
```
MOSSL
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestine
```
91
What does the anagram MOSSL stand for?
The 5x ordered components of the digestive system
| MOSSL
92
What is the order for the small intestine?
DJI
Duodenum --> Juojenum --> Ileum
- Duodenum is closest to the stomach at the small intestine directly proceeds the stomach in the digestive system
93
What is the part of the small intestine which is closest to the stomach?
Duodenum of the Small intestines DJI
-Duodenum is the closest to the stomach, as MOSSL the small intestine directly proceeds the Stomach in the digestive tract/system
94
What is the order of the Large intestine?
```
CCRA
Caeucum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
```
95
What is the anagram CCRA stand for?
```
The 4x ordered components of the Large intestine
CCRA
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
```
96
What is the anagram for the 4x ordered components of the large intestine?
```
CCRA
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
```
97
What part of the Large intestine is divided into 3x sections
Colon
| _Ascending, transverse and Descending colon
98
What is the Colon (2nd order part in the Large intestine) divided up into?
3x parts
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
99
How much longer is the gut tube to the rats body?
5x its body length
100
What is 5x the rat's body length?
Its gut tube
101
What is the benefit of the gut tube being so long?
Increases its surface area
downstream of the oesophagus (as part of the digestive system)
for absorption and secretion
102
Why does the gut tube have an increased SA downstream from the oesophagus (as part of the digestive system)?
For absorption and secretion
| -Increased surface area due to massive length
103
What are the 3x structural categories of the digestive system?
1. tubular portions (3x)
2. sacs (2x)
3. 5x Glands (2x main ones) (3x other) embryologicall developed from the gut linning and are accessory digestive organs)
104
What is another name for accessory digestive organs?
the 5x digestive Glands
-2x main
3x other
105
What is another name for the 5x digestive glands?
accessory organs
- 2x main (LP Liver and Pancreas)
- 3x other (TTS, Teeth Tongue and Salivary Glands)
106
What are the 2x main digestive accessory organs/glands?
LP
1. Liver
2. Pancreas
107
What sort of digestive structure is the Liver?
Main Gland of the digestive system (LP)
| Accessory digestive organ
108
What sort of digestive structure is the Pancreas?
Main Gland of the digestive system (LP)
| Accessory digestive organ
109
What is the anagram LP for?
the 2x main digestive GLANDS/ACESSORY digestive organs
110
What are the 3x other digestive gland/accessory digestive organs?
TTS
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary GLANDS
111
What does TTS make up?
the 3x other Digestive glands/ Accessory Digestive Organs
-all in the mouth
TTS = tongues, teeth and salivary GLAND
112
What are the 3x tubular portions of the digestive system?
OSL
Oesophagus
Small intestine
Large intestine
113
What does the anagram OSL stand for?
The 3x TUBEular portions of the digestive system
114
What does the Oesophagus, Small intestine and Large intestine collective make?
OSL
| The 3x Tubular portions of the digestive system
115
What are the 2x sac regions o the digestive system?
Stomach
| Caecum
116
What does the anagram SC (Sita Clark you're a ...) of the digestive system stand for?
the 2x SAC regions of the digestive system
Stomach Caecum
SC sita Clark you're a SAC
117
Is the Liver or the Caecum a sac portion of the digestive system?
Caecum (SC - sita clark you're a sac -stomach)
| Liver = LP = Liver and Pancreas - major GLAND/accessory digestive organ
118
What is the origin of the accessory gland/digestive Glands?
Embryologically develop for the Gut lining (hence are called accessory)
119
Why are the digestive GLANDS called "ACCESSORY" digestive organs?
as they have developed Embryologically from the GUT LINING (hence are considered to be "accessories" /accessory digestive organs LP)
120
What is the oesophagus responsible for?
Transport of the food bolus
| from the mouth --> stomach
121
What sort of control does the oesophagus have?
```
BOTH voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth muscle)
SWALLOWING = skeletal muscle = VOLUNTARY = SOME
PERISTALSIS = smooth muscle - INvoluntary
```
122
When does the Oesophagus use voluntary control?
SWALLOWING = skeletal muscle = VOLUNTARY = SOME
| oesophagus is BOTH voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth muscle)
123
When does the Oesophagus use involuntary control?
PERISTALSIS = smooth muscle = INvolutnary
| oesophagus is BOTH voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth muscle)
124
Where does the Oesophagus travel?
Throat --> Thoracic cavity --> DORSAL to the lungs and heart --> Diaphragm
125
Where is the beginning and end of the oesophagus?
Throat --> diaphragm
126
Is the Oesophagus dorsal or ventral to the Lungs and heart?
DORSAL
| Oesophagus' track = Throat --> Thoracic cavity --> DORSAL to the lungs and heart --> Diaphragm
127
What does the oesophagus go dorsal to in the thoracic cavity, when starting at the throat and ending at the diaphragm?
Oesophagus is DORSAL to the LUNGS and HEART when passing through the thoracic cavity
(from the mouth ==> to the diaphragm)
128
What is the RAT stomach's location in comparison to the oesophagus?
Posterior (dorsal) RAT not human terminology
129
What is the RAT stomach's location in comparison to the small intestine?
Anterior (above) RAT not human terminology
130
What shape is the stomach?
Curved organs
131
What is an example of a curved organ?
The stomach
132
What is the comparison between te 2x sides fo the stomach?
1x side is more MEDIAL
other side =
2x side is more LEFT and lies mostly to the Left
133
What organ in the digestive system has a 2x sides, one which is more MEDIAL and one side which is more LEFT and lies to the left?
The stomach
| -has 1x side MEDIAL and the other 1x side which is o the LEFT side and lies More to the Left side
134
Since the stomach is curved, what are the aspects of this curved organ?
Lesser curvature = smaller
| Greater curvature = Larger and More LAteral
135
Which curvature of the curved organ called the stomach is larger?
Greater curvature - also more lateral
136
Which curvature of the curved organ called the stomach is smaller?
The Lesser curvature
137
Which curvature of the curved organ called the stomach is more lateral?
Greater curvature
138
What are the 2x components of the greater curvature?
1. the Larger curvature of the curved organ of the stomach
| 2. more LATERAL
139
What are the 2x sections of the rat stomach?
1. Anterior Lateral (AL) region (upper):
Thin, Translucent, for food STORAGE, Stratified Squamous cells, No glands
2. Posterior Medial Pyloric Region (lower) (connected to pyloric sphincter --> SI)
Glandular, Opaque, Secretes EAM 3x (EAM Enzyme, Acid and Mucus) to aid digestion. Chyme (digested food) is moved through the Smooth muscle of the Pyloric sphincter, connecting the stomach to the Small intestine, and moves the chime trough involuntary movements into the small intestine's first portion called the Duodenum
140
What are the 5x key features of the AL Anterior Lateral section of the curved digestive organ of the stomach?
1. Thin outer membrane
2. translucent
3. for food STORAGE
4. STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS cells
5. No glands
141
What sort of cells is the Anterior Lateral section of the stomach made out of?
STRATEFIED (multiple/stacked) SQUAMOUS
142
What part of the curved Stomach is made out of stratified squamous cells?
The Anterior Lateral section of the curved stomach digestive organ is made out of stacked/multiple Stratified Squamous cells
143
What are the key features of the PMP Posterior Medial Pyloric section of the curved digestive organ of the stomach?
Posterior Medial Pyloric Region (lower) (connected to pyloric sphincter --> SI)
1. Glandular,
2. Opaque,
3. Secretes EAM 3x (EAM Enzyme, Acid and Mucus) to AID DIGESTION
4. Chyme (digested food) is moved through the SMOOTH muscle of the Pyloric sphincter, connecting the stomach to the Small intestine, and moves the Chyme trough INvoluntary movements into the small intestine's first portion called the Duodenum
144
What does the PMP Posterior Medial Pyloric section of the curved stomach look like?
GLANDS
| and is OPAQUE
145
What 3x things does the Glands in the PMP Posterior Pyloric region of the curved digestive organ of the stomach secrete?
EMA
1. Enzymes
2. Acid
3. Mucus
- all to aid digestion of food in the stomach (to become CHYME/digestive food)
146
Why are EMA Enzymes Mucus and Acid secreted by the Lower Glandular PMP Posterior Medial Pyloric region of the stomach ?
To aid digestion
| -converted food into CHYME (digested food)
147
What is another job of mucus?
Secreted by Glands
In the opaque lower PMP posterior medial pyloric region of the curved digestive organ of the stomach
Aid the digestion of food in the lower portion of the stomach --> into Chyme (digestive food)
148
What is the term for digested food?
Chyme
149
What is Chyme?
digested food
150
What is the pyloric region of the stomach called?
PMP Posterior Medial (pyloric) lower region of the curved stomach digestive organ
151
What is another name for the PM Posterior Medial region of the stomach?
Pyloric region of the Lower glandular and opaque stomach
152
what connects the Stomach and the Small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
153
What is the pyloric sphincter's role?
Connects the stomach to the Duodenum of the DJI of the small intestine
Smooth muscle
Involuntary movement of Chyme
154
Where does Chyme move through?
Stomach PMP lower Posterior Medial Pyloric region --> through Pyloric sphincter -->Duodenum of the initial DJI of the small intestine
-SMOOTH muscle - therefore Involuntary movement of Chyme
155
What is the pyloric sphincter made out of?
SMOOTH muscle
| -resulting in the Involuntary movement of Chyme into the DJI
156
What does it mean by the pyloric sphincter (connecting the stomach to the small intestine's duodenum) having smooth muscle?
CHYME(digested food after the release odd EMA enzymes, acid and mucus from glandular PMP) is transported INvoluntarily from the stomach (curved digestive organ) --> initial Duodenum region of the Small intestine
157
What are the main features of the small intestine?
Site of Absorption
Tube
Uniform diameter
4x body lengths
Is the opening (the duodenum) for 3x substance CBP (Chyme-from the stomach, Bile-from the liver and Pancreatic juices from the Pancreas)
Is suspended by Mesentery which is a double layer of Visceral (organ covering)Pericardium, and attaches/anchors the small intestine to the dorsal wall of the body/back of the abdominal wall
158
Is the small intestine of differing diameter?
NO
| SI is of SAME UNIFORM diameter
159
IS the small intestine the main site of absorption or secretion?
SI is the main site of ABsorption NOT secretion
160
How many body lengths from INlet to OUTlet is the Small Intesine?
4x
161
What is 4x the body length?
Small intestines (4x body length from the small intestines inlet to outlet)
162
What 3x substance enter the Small intestine?
CBP
- Chyme (from stomach)
- Bile (from liver)
- Pancreatic juices (from pancreas)
163
What does CBP stand for?
The 3x substances which enter the Small intestines from the Stomach (Chyme) Liver (bile) and Pancreas (pancreatic Juices)
164
What is bile secreted into the Small intestine by?
Liver
-Chyme is digested food from the stomach, and pancreatic juices are form the pancreas - all come and empty into the small intestine
165
what is the Arterial High Pressure and Oxygenated Blood supply to the gut/small intestine?
```
Arteries
High pressure
Oxygenated
From the dorsal Aorta : 2x branches
1. Coeliac artery
2. Superior Mesenteric Artery
```
166
What is the Low pressure DEOxygenated supply to from the gut/small intestine?
```
Veins
Low pressure
Deoxygenated/Nutrient Rich Blood
From the WALL OF THE TRIBUTARIES of the Hepatic portal Vein
--> empty into the Liver
```
167
Where does the nutrient rich. deoxygenated blood that empties into the liver from?
Drain in the VEINS coming from the TRIBUTARIES of the Hepatic portal vein
-low pressure, veins DEO and nutrient rich blood from the tributaries of the hepatic portal vein which lead to the Liver
168
What are the 2x components of the Top of the mouth of both rats and humans?
1. Anterior bony hard palate, near the teeth, grooves called transverse ridges, which sort pieces of food, for swallowing, into various sizes
2. Posterior soft palate, no grooves
169
What is special about the anterior hard palate?
Has grooves called Transverse ridges
| These grooves/transverse ridges sort food into various sizes for swallowing
170
Is the hard palate of humans and rats anterior or posterior?
Anterior
171
Is the soft palate of humans and rats anterior or posterior?
Posterior
172
What is the change in hardness in the mouth?
Bony near the teeth
| Softer towards the throat
173
What is the openings of the trachea called?
The glottis
174
What can potentially cover the glottis (the opening of the trachea)?
A triangular flap
called the epiglottis
found on the Ventral side of the human/rat
Can cover the trachea (opening of the trachea/glottis)
I prevents entry of food into the trachea
175
what is the function of the epiglottis?
Ventral side
Caovers the glottis/opening of the trachea/trachea
Prevents the entry of food into the thracea
176
What is the passage way of air into the body?
Air --> Nasal Cavity --> Ventral into Trachea
177
What is more ventral, the oesophagus of the Trachea??
Trachea is more ventral than the oesophagus
178
Which tube does air go down?
Nasal cavity --> Ventral Trachea
179
What is the passage way of food into the body?
Mouth --> Dorsal into Oesophagus
180
What happens to the pathway of entry of food and air into the body?
Air and food Cross
Incorrect crossing of : Air = eructation = burping
Food = coughing
181
What happens if food doesn't cross over properly with air?
Food = coughing
182
When do we cough?
When food doesn't cross properly with air
183
When do we eructate?
When we burp we eructate
| When Air doesn't cross properly with food
184
What is eructation?
burping
185
What is another word for burping?
eructation
186
Do rat have molar teeth?
Yes
Rat have 3x molar teeth
the 3x molar teeth are used for grinding
187
How many molar teeth do rats have?
3x
| used for grinding
188
What is the function of molar teeth?
For grinding
189
What to rats use for grinding?
their 3x molar teeth
190
When do the nostril and mouth tracts of the rat join?
AFTER the palate, and divide into the oesophagus
191
What happens AFFTER the palate?
The nostril and mouth tracts of the rat join and then divide into the oesophagus and trachea
192
What are the names of the 2x tracts which join AFTER the hard palate and then divide into the oesophagus and trachea?
1. Nostril tract (air --> nasal cavity --> VTventrally into trachea)
2. Food --> mouth --> dorsal into the oesophagus (DOrk is at the back)
193
What is the main function of the large intestine?
To reabsorb water from digested food
And form faeces from the undigested food residue
-bacteria contributes to the putrification of this material
194
What contributes to the putrification of the material inside the large intestine?
Bacteria inside the large intestine
195
What does the bacteria inside the large intestine contribute to?
The putrification of its material
196
What does the caecum look like?
Thin flabby walled bag
Bigger than the stomach
Lower than the stomach
You can see its brown intestinal contents inside
All transparent vs the stomach's partial transparence
197
Where is cellulase contained?
In the initial caecum of the large intestine
198
What does the caecum contain which is different to other areas of the body?
The caecum contains bacteria that produces CELLULASE which breaks down plant material/cellulose (plant material)
which is slow moving through the caecum
199
What does thecellulase in the caecum break down?
cellulose (undigestable plant material) which is moving Slowthrough the caecum
200
What is attached between the small intestine and caecum of the large intestine in humans but not in rats?
Veriform appendix
"veriform"=wormlike
-terminates at the caecum
is a Veriform organ and Lymphatic organ, as it contains come lymphoidal tissue
201
What two types of organs is the veriform appendix in humans (but doesn't exist in rats)?
```
Veriform organ (worm like)
Lymphoid organ (contains lymphatic tissue)
Terminates at the caecum
```
202
Where is the site of storage in the large intestine?
Colon
203
What is the main function of the colon (2nd area of the large intestine)?
```
Storage of faeces
Dehydration of faeces via reabsorption of water in the COLON of the small intestine to have them Firm/solid before meeting the Ractum
3x areas (ascending, transverse, descending)= allows the faeces to move in a certain direction through the colon
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204
What is the difference between the orientation/geometricity of the rat vs human colon?
The colon in the rat is less perfectly orientated than in a human
-a human colon is more perfectly orientated
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What is the ascending section of the colon?
Right side- semi fluid
| faeces moving Upstream (anterior for a rat)
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What part of the colon is on the Right side?
RA
| Ascending colon
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What is the transvers section of the colon?
Faeces travel ACROSS the body
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What is the Descending section of the colon?
Left side
faeces moving downstream (posterior for a rat)
Here in the descending colon the faeces are more solid/firm as the water has been reabsorbed
-is closest to the rectum
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What part of the colon is on the Left side?
DL
| Descending colon
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What are the sites of excretion?
Rectum and anus
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What is the Rectum?
Short passage
Storage of faeces before excretion
Leads up to the anal outlet
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What sort of control is the anus under?
Partial voluntary control
2x Sphincters- open and close, allowing faeces to be voided
Internal sphincter = INvoluntary = smooth muscle= relaxes upon excretion fo faeces
External sphincter = voluntary = skeletal muscle
213
Where are the 2x sphincters of the body (outside of the pyloric sphincter)?
In the anus
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What 2x things does the anus have?
2x SPHINCTERS- open and close allowing for faeces to be voided
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Which sphincter in the anus is made out of sketletal muscle?
External (lower) sphincter = Voluntary
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Which sphincter in the anus is made out of smooth muscle?
Internal (INvoluntary upper part ) Sphincter =IN voluntary SMOOTH muscle
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What are the main features of the female reproductive organ?
External Anterior --> Posterior Contains 3x openings: Urethral, Vaginal and Anus
Internal --> rats: Y shaped due to paired horns. Humans U shaped uterus. End of each distal horn is a Tightly coiled Oviduct which connects the uterine tube to the ovary (oviduct is hard to distinguish between the uterus and ovary at end)
218
What shape is a rat female internal reproductive organ?
Y shaped
- due to paired "horns"
- multiple pouches to facilitate multiple birhts
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What shape is a human female internal reproductive organ?
U shaped
220
What is tightly coiled in the female internal reproductive system?
Oviduct
| connects the uterus to the ovaries on the distal end of each horn
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What is located on the distal end of each horn of the uterus?
Ovaries
| connected to the uterus by a difficult to distinguish, tightly coiled oviduct
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What are the main components of a male reproductive organ?
(internal seminal vesicles, bladder and prostate)
Anterior Prepuce (between the 2nd and 3rd nipple) - a skin fold which conceals the Glans Penis
Posterior scrotum
Even more posterior Anus - behind scrotum and below at the base of the tail
-Rats have a Flaccid penis, which is Within the abdominal wall
-primates - external penis
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Is the prepuse or scrotum more anterior?
Prepuce
| -located between the 2nd and 3rd niple
224
Where is the prepuce loacted?
Between the 2nd and 3rd nipple
| -skin fold covering over the top of the Glans penis
225
Waht is located between the 2nd and third nipple?
The prepuce
| -is a skin fold over the top of the Glans Penis
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What is the skin fold COVERING over the GLANS penis?
(glans) Prepuce
227
What is the function of the prepuce?
Skin fold covering, which covers the Glans penis
228
Where is the anus located?
Posterior
| Below the base of the tail
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What shape is the spleen in a human?
Fist shaped
230
What shape is the spleen in a rat?
LEaf shaped
231
Where is the leaf shaped organ foundd?
Spleen
| Leaf shaped inrats (fist shaped in humans as human can make a fist but rats cat )
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What is the fist shaped organ found?
Spleen-lympahtic
Fist shaped in male (as we can clench our fists to make a spleen, whereas rats are weak and whilt like a leaf with a leaf shaped spleen)
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Where is the spleen located?
Next to the GREAT curvature of the stomach
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What colour is the spleen?
Dark red
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What is located near the Greater curvature of the stomach, is either leaf or fist shaped, a lymphatic organs and not a digestive organ, whcih is Dark Red in colour?
Spleen
- Lymphatic organ (SL)
- Dark red
- Greater curvature of the stomach
- Leaf shaped in rats, Fist shaped in humans
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What body system is the spleen part of?
Lymphatic
| NOT DIGESTIVE spleen SL=Spleen is Lymphatic
237
What are the main features of the adrnela gland?
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Anterior to the kidny "Ad"-renal
Small brown bodies
Endocrine organ
Medulla + cortex
Medulla secretes adrenaline
Cortex secretes Cortisol -steriod hormones
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238
What are the small brown bodies in the endocrine system called?
Adrenal glands
- endocrine
- medulla secrets adrenaline
- Cortex secrets Steroid hormones such as Cortisol
239
Waht are the shape of the adrnela gland?
Small brown bodies
Anterior to the renal/kidneys
Medulla secretes adrnealine
Cortex secretes Steroid hormones such as cortisol
240
What hormones does the adrneal Cortex release?
STEROID homrones
-such as cortisol
CCCCCortex = CCCCortisol not the medulla as you need BOTH CCCCCCs
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Waht are the 2x major components of the renal system?
Urinary bladder
| Kidneys
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What system does the adrenal glands belong to?
Endocrine -(autonomic and endocrine)
243
What connects the urinary bladder to the kidneys?
Thin, thread like URETERS
| connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder
244
Where is the the urinary bladder located?
Midline
close to pelvis
Pale cream/yellow
245
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
Storage of uring
246
What colour is the urinary bladder?
Pale cream/yellow - same colour as peeeeee
247
What is plae cream or yellow, and is located midline, close to the pelvic region?
Urinary bladder
| Has anteriorly extending thin thread like ureters connects the kidney to it
248
What are the main components of the Kidneys?
Dorsal to the peritoneal cavity
(behind) the peritoneal cavity therefore Retroperitoneal
Ventral side is closests to the peritoneal cavity and is covered in Pariteal pericardium (to prevent out friction)
249
What does retroperitoneal mean and refer to?
"retro"= behind (dorsal)
"peritoneal" = peritoneal cavity
= Kidneys
250
What is retroperitoneal?
The kidneys are located behind/dorsal to the peritoneal cavity
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What part of the kidney is covered in Parietal pericardium?
The Ventral side of the Kidneys - in ofer to protect its OUTER side the peritoneum fromm friction with the abdominal cavity
-outside = always partietal (ventral is only wihtin the continuous layer)
252
What colour are the kidneys?
Dark red
| Shows their rick blood supply
253
What two organs are particularly dark red, showing their rich blood supply?
LK Liver and Kidneys
| LaKhan has a rich Liver and Kidneys
254
Where is there a Depression on the Medial surface of the an organ in the body?
The Kidneys has a depression on the medial surface called Hilus
The kidneys need this hilus as it is the point where the Renal/Kidney Vein, Renal/Kindey artery and Ureter all acess the kindey
255
What is the medialHilus depression for?
So that the Renal vein, Renal artery and Ureter can all acces the kidney
-Reansl Vein -LOW pressure and is LARGER is the most obvious out of the 3x
256
What is in the medial surface of the kidney?
Hilus/depression
| 3x connnections allowed through the hilus- Kindey/Renal Vein (V Most obvious), Kedne/Renal artery and the Ureter
257
What is the most obvious connection which is connected to the medial hilus/depression in the kidey?
V Most obvious is the renal/kidney VEIN
258
What is another word for hilus?
found on the Medial surface of the kidney
259
What does hepatic mean?
Liver
260
What does renal mean?
Kindey
261
What are the main features of the Liver?
Hepatic = Liver
1. Metabolic Function (metabolises/digests)
2. Bile production
-4x lobes
-Dark red due to dual vascular blood supply
Hepatic artery is connected to the Coeliac artery
Endocrine and Exocrine
Endo crine = produces hormone
Exocrine = secretes bile/ bile = excretory products. The bile salts in the bile help digest and absorb the fats and vitamins via emulsification
Humans- have a gallbladder which stores the bile before discharging into the duodenum
-Rats = no gallbladder
Liver secretes into the Common heaptic duct
262
Where is the main area of metabolic function in the body?
The Liver
263
What colour is the liver?
Dark red
Due to dual blood supply
One also connected to the coeliac artery which the hepatic artery is connected to
264
What is the hepatic artery connected to?
Coeliac artery
265
What is the coeliac artery also connected to?
Hepatic artery
266
What organ in the body is both endocrine and exocrine?
the liver
Endo crine = makes hormones
Exocrine= secretes bile= biles - excretory products. ITs bile salts help to digest and absorb fats and vitamins through emulsification
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What does it mean by the liver is endocrine?
It secretes hormones
268
What does it mea by the liver is exocrine?
Secretes Bile
Bile =excretory products
The Bile salts in bile allow for digestion and absorption of fats and vitamins via Emulsification
269
What is another name for excretory products?
Bile
270
Does a rat have a gall bladder?
No
the rat DOESNT have a GBgallbladder, so it doesnt have anything to store its bile before it is discharged into the small intestine
Liver --> Gallbladder is call the Cystic Duct
Liver --> Common hepatic duct --> Common bile duct (=Pancreatic duct) ---> Cystic duct --> Galbladder ---> Duodenum of small intestinte
271
What is the function of the Gall bladder BG which is in humans only?
GB stores Bile
before the bile is discharged into the small intestine- bile has to get out therefore MUST go through the small intestinte
272
Where is the bile stored in the human GB gall bladder discharged into?
GB discharges Bile into the Small intestine as it must Get out of the body! :)
273
Where does emulsification occur (of fats and vitamins)?
The Liver
274
how many lobes is the liver made out of?
4x
275
where does the Liver secrete into?
Common HEPATIC (liver)duct
276
Where oes the Pancreas secrete directly into?
Pancreatic duct
277
What does the Common Hepatic duct (which the liver secretes into) and the Pancreatic duct (which the pancreas secretes in) come together to form?
The common BILE duct
| ---> goes to gallbladder via the CYSTIC duct---> and then to the Duodenum of the small intestine
278
What forms the common bile duct?
Common haptic duct(from liver)
+
Pancreatic duct (from pancreas)
279
What is the location of the Pnacreas?
Under the great curvature of the kidneys
(near the spleen)
Feather shaped in rat, Scattered pink lobules, supported by mesentery
Fether shaped mesentry covered pancreas is MORE DIFFUSE in rats than in humans.
Is medial and closer to the duodenum
280
What is the shape of the pancreas in rats?
Festher shapped
Scattered pink lobules supported by mesentry
MORE DIFFUSE in rats than human
281
What is more diffuse in rats than in humans?
The pancreas
282
What is the spleen close to under the great curvature of the stomach?
Feather shaped scattered pink lobuled mesentery supported pancreas, more diffuse in rats, and is found more medial, towards the stomach
283
What are the scattered pink lobules of the pancreas resembling?
Grain like deposits of fat
284
Where are their visible grain like deposits of fat?
The scattered pink lobules of the Pancreas
| -represent the grain like deposits of fat - white but with the thin covering looks pink outside
285
What 3x Alkaline digestive juices does the Pancreas secrete?
LAP
Lipases
Amalayses
Proteinases
286
What does the anogram LAP dtand for and originate fro?
Pancreas
The 3x ALKALINE pancreatic juices secretes by the Pancreas
-enzymes for digstion
287
Are pancreate juices of LAP Lipases, Amalyases and Proteinases Acidic or ALkaline?
aLkaline like the L in LAP
288
Are the pancreatic juices enzyme containing?
Yes te aLkalin pancreatic juices provide enzymes such as LAP Lipases, Amalyses and Proteinases, allowing for the digestion
289
What 2x hormones does the exocrine and endocrine gland of the pancreas secrete?
GI Glucagon and Insulin
| -Pancreas is involved with sugar
290
What are the 2x dual purpose GLANDs of the body?
LP
Liver and Pancreas
Both endo and exo
291
Waht 2x hormones does the pancreas secrete s par tof its endocrine function?
GI Glycagon and Insuline
292
What does GI stand for?
The 2x endocrine homrones that the Pancreas secrets GI = Glycagon and Insulin
293
Where are Glycagon and Insulinsecreted from?
the Pancreas
294
What is the bodies largest gLLLLLLand?
Liver
295
What is the LLLLLLiver relative to it's size in the body?
the largest gLLLLand in the body
