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Optometry Class OP4103 > The Human Brain > Flashcards

The Human Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A

-1 and 2 are the cerebrum which are interconnected
-3 is diencephalon
-4 brainstem

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2
Q

What does the nervous system develop from?

A

a hollow neural tube

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3
Q

what are the three areas of the brain of an embryo at 1 month

A

-mid brain
-hindbrain
-forebrain / diencephalon

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4
Q

what are the 5 areas of the brain of an embryo at 5 weeks

A

-spinal cord
-telencephalon
-diencephalon (forebrain)
-mesencephalon
-metencephalon

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5
Q

what are the 7 areas of the brain in a baby when its born?

A

-cerebrum
-diencephalon (forebrain)
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
-cerebellum
-spinal cord

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6
Q

how is the brain protected?

A

-skin
-cranium
-meningeal sheaths
-cerebrospinal fluid
-highly selective blood brain barrier

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7
Q

how is the cerebrospinal fluid protective?

A

by acting as a shock absorber as it flows between the 4 ventricles, the SC, central canal and the meningeal layers, its continually circulated and replaced

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8
Q

what is the condition caused by excess CSF called?

A

hydrocephalus

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9
Q

how is the blood brain barrier protective?

A

as its highly selective by limits exchange of materials between blood & brain and Permeable to lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2, alcohol), small water-soluble substances diffuse

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10
Q

what is the cerebrum and what are its two main structures?

A

it is the central processing centre divided into two hemispheres connected via the corpus callosum which contains 300 neuronal axons that lie transversely and allow constant info exchange between the two hemispheres
the two main structures are the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei

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11
Q

what do the infolds of the cerebrum have?

A

gyri and sulci

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12
Q

what does each hemisphere of the cerebrum contain

A

grey matter (neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and glial cells) which has 40% of the tissue and the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

what does the thick central core of the cerebrum contain?

A

white matter which consists of tracts of myelinated axons and makes up 60% of the tissue with tracts connecting
-gyri - association
-hemispheres - commissural
-cerebrum to lower CNS - projection

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14
Q

What are the three main brain regions?

A

-brain stem
-cerebellum
-forebrain

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15
Q

what does the brain stem contain?

A

-mid brain
-pons
-medulla

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16
Q

what does the forebrain contain?

A

-diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)
-basal nuclei
-cerebral cortex

17
Q

what are the 4 lobes that each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex divides into and what are they each for?

A

-frontal lobe: speech and motor cortex
-parietal lobe: speech, tatse, reading, somatosensory association area
-occipital lobe: visual association area so vision
-temporal lobe: auditory association area - smell and hearing

18
Q

be able to label the parts of the cerebral cortex and their functions

A

check ss

19
Q

in the cerberal cortex, what are the following higher function areas for?

A

-broca’s area is for speech
-wernicke’s area if for understanding
-association cortices is interconnected by cerebral white matter nerve fibres so integrate diverse info
-primary auditory cortex for hearing
-primary visual cortex for vision

20
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex for?

A

-site of initial processing and perception of body sensations and proprioception with info recieved from the cns and and

21
Q

what is the primary motor cortex for?

A

the voluntary control over skeletal muscle movement and stimulation of regions produces movement in opposite sides of the body as the neuronal tracts cross over

22
Q

what is a motor homunculi?

A

a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions

23
Q

what are the three higher motor cortex areas?

A

-supplementary motor cortex
-posterior parietal motor cortex
-premotor cortex

24
Q

what is the cerebellum for?

A

to initiate, plan and time certain movements by sending input top the decision maker regions

25
Q

give the pathway from sensory input to motor output

A
  1. sensory input
  2. primary sensory areas being somatosensory, primary visual, primary auditory cortexes
  3. higher sensory areas
  4. association areas
  5. higher motor areas
    6.primary motor cortex
  6. motor output
26
Q

what does the limbic system of the brain consist (make sure you known where) of and what are it’s four main roles?

A

contains:
-cerebral cortex - limbic association centre
-hypothalamus - homeostasis
-hippocampus - memory
-amygdala - fear

roles:
-survival behaviour: attack, defence, search for food
-subjective emotional feelings: fear, anger, joy, sadness
-emotional expression: pleasure, laughing, crying
-memory and learning

27
Q

what does the basal nuclei of the brain consist of (be able to label these) and what does it do?

A

contains:
-caudate nuclei
-putamen
-globus pallidus
-nucleus accumbens

it works with motor cortex to suppress unwanted or unnecessary movement. this can help maintain balance and posture

28
Q

what does the forebrain consist of? what does it do? what is it a relay centre for?

A

the thalamus and the hypothalamus. it integrates conscious and unconscious sensory info and motor commands. contains auditory and visual startle reflex centres
relay centre for
-sensory info
-motor responses from the cerebrum

29
Q

what are the 5 functions of the thalamus and what does it use to project information to the cerebral cortex?

A

-relays sensory input to the cortex
-screens and routes input to apt somatosensory cortex regions
-crude recognition of senstions like pressure pain and temp
-translates info to make it readable by cortex
-directs attention stimuli e.g. sleep, wakefulness

30
Q

what does the hypothalamus link between and what does it regulate/

A

-links between ANS and endocrine system via the pituitary gland
regulates:
-blood pressure, digestive system, heart rate and body temp
-thist and urine output via osmoregulation
-food intake
-sleep/wake cycle
-emotions and behaviour
-endocrine control

31
Q

what are the three functions of the cerebellum? what are its 3 functional regions?

A

-maintenance of muscle tone, posture and balance
-fine tunes conscious and unconscious movements
-in proprioception to sense movement and body position

functional regions
-vestibulo-
-spino-
-cerebro-

32
Q

what are the three regions of the brain stem and what are the its functions

A

regions:
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

functions:
-regulate vital functions like heartrate
-muscle reflex regulation
-connection between cerebrum and spinal cord
-attachment point for 10 cranial nerves

33
Q

learn the 12 cranial nerves, their composition and their functions off of the table

A

check ss

34
Q

what is the reticular activating system and what are its roles?

A

interconnected neurones throughout the brain stem and into the thalamus and receives and integrates all sensory and synaptic input. the ascending fibres go to the cortex and descending fibres activate the RAS
-has roles in arousal, sleep, alertness, emotions, motivation and selective attention

35
Q

what does the pons allow for information transfer between?

A

from the brain to the SC and from the pons to the cerebellum

36
Q

what respiratory reflexes does the pons control?

A

-start of apneustic and pneumotaxic reflexes
-apneustic centre triggers breathing
-pneumotaxic centre triggers exhalation

37
Q

what are the reflex centres that the medulla oblongata contains?

A

-coughing
-sneezing
-swallowing

38
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A

-control vital involuntary actions like heart rate and blood pressure
-transfer motor impulses from brain to PNS
-to connect the brain to the SC

Optometry Class OP4103 (20 decks)

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