Blood

Question 1

whats the ph of blood?

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

what percent of bodyweight does blood make up?

Answer 2

about 8%

Question 3

what is blood composed of?

Answer 3

55% plasma
45% cells and cell fragments

Question 4

what is blood plasma composed of?

Answer 4

water 91.5%
proteins 7%
other solutes 1.5%

Question 5

what proteins are contained in blood plasma? what do they each do? where are they produced?

Answer 5

albumins - osmotic balance by binding to lipophilic molecules
globulins - alpha and beta transport chemicals like iron and contribute to blood clotting, produced by liver and then gamma
fibrinogen
other proteins

Question 6

give examples of other solutes found in blood plasma

Answer 6

-ions such as Na+ and Ca2+
-nutrients like glucose and amino acids
-waste produces like urea
-dissolved gasses like o2
-hormones

Question 7

how is the the blood pH chemically balanced, give the chemical equations

Answer 7

check optom useful screenshots folder

Question 8

Give some functions of blood plasma

Answer 8

-regulation of body temp
-regulation of cells water content
-blood clotting via fibrinogen

Question 9

give examples of how proteins in the blood aid in transport of small molecules

Answer 9

-alpha and beta globulins by providing clotting factors
-gamma globulins which are immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes

Question 10

What cells/ cell fragments are in the blood and say their main function

Answer 10

-erythrocytes (red blood cells) - transport o2 to cells and remove c02
-leucocytes (white blood cells) - immunity, allergic reactions and phagocytosis
-thrombocytes (thrombocytes) - blood clotting

Question 11

What is hematopoeisis?

Answer 11

The production of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets via stem cell division

Question 12

give 3 features of erythrocytes

Answer 12

-bioconcave disks
-lack a nucleus and mitochondria
-carry o2 and co2 associated with haemoglobin

Question 13

what is erythropoietic protoporphyria?

Answer 13

a disease caused by a lack of iron bound to the haem group of haemoglobin

Question 14

give four features of leucocytes

Question 15

what are the 5 different types of leucocytes and are they granular or agranular

Answer 15

agranular - lymphocytes and monocytes

granular- neutrophils ( account for most of the leucocytes), basophils and eosinophils

Question 16

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 16

Respond to first bacterial invasion, phagocytic and so release lysozyme, important un controlling inflammation

Question 17

what do basophils do?

Answer 17

Synthesise, store the vasodilator histamine and the anticoagulant heparin. Librate histamine, heparin and serotonin un allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response

Question 18

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 18

-counteract the affects of histamine in allergic reactions
-phagocytise antigen-antibody complexes
-help break down blood clots and destroy certain parasitic worms

Question 19

what do monocytes do?

Answer 19

-Release white blood cell growth factors causing population increase in white blood cells
-become macrophages and so phagocytose microbes, antigen-antibody complexes

Question 20

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 20

Provide an immune response through:
-b cells
-T cells: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
-natural killer cells

Question 21

give 4 characteristics of leucocytes

Answer 21

-do chemotaxis
-amoeboid movements by forming temporary projections in order to move
-capability of diapedesis
-phagocytic

Question 22

give the features of thrombocytes

Answer 22

-formed from cell fragmentation
-have no nucleus
-involved with clotting
-functional for 7-10 days before being removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen
-make up 55% of the blood

Question 23

how do thrombocytes regulate homeostasis? Use the example of prevention of blood loss from a broken vessel

Answer 23

-vascular spasm: reduces blood flow by causing vasoconstriction of the injured vessel
-formation of a platelet plug where platelets aggregate at the point of vessel rupture

Question 24

how do thrombocytes carry out coagulation?

Answer 24

1. Platelet adhesion
2. Platelet releases ADP and thromboxane
3. Platelet aggregation triggered

Question 25

give examples of bleeding disorders

Answer 25

-haemophillia: blood clotting ability is severely reduced, caused by genetic defect
-thrombocytopenia abnormally low platelet count, many have idiopathic thrombocytopenia while in others it’s an autoimmune disease

Question 26

Give three fibrinogen disorders

Answer 26

-afibrinogenemia: lack of
-hypofibrinogenemia: reduced levels
-dysfibrinogenemia: dysfunctional

Question 27

give examples of inapporpriate blood clotting and what can this cause

Answer 27

-thrombus: clot formed in an intact vessel possibly due to atherosclerosis, slow moving blood and formation of small fibrin quantities that accumulate
-embolus: a moving clot

These cause risk of stroke, heart attack and pulmonary embolism

Question 28

what is clot retraction?

Answer 28

Where as the wound heals, the contraction of platelets trapped within the clot shrinks fibrin meshwork pulling the edges of damaged vessels closer together - dissolution

Question 29

give the pathway of fibrinolysis

Answer 29

-plasminogen binds to fibrinogen and fibrin and is incorporated into a clot as it’s formed
-plasminogen is activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase to become the protease plasmin
-plasmin then breaks down the fibrin mesh work and phagocytic leucocytes remove the products if the clot dissolution

Question 30

What is haemoglobin made of?

Answer 30

A quaternary protein molecule made of 4 polypeptides (two of which are alpha polypeptides and 2 are beta polypeptides) where each one is associated with a haem group which contains an Fe2+ ion.

Question 31

Where do oxygen molecules mind on a heamoglobin?

Answer 31

The bind to the Fe2+ of each polypeptide so each haemoglobin molecule can carry for O2 molecules

Question 32

Give examples of types of people that have increased risk of elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.

Answer 32

-pregnancy
-menopause
-coronary artery disease
-diabetes
-hypertension
-smoking

Question 33

what cells circulating in the blood can go through unruptured blood vessels into tissues?

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

how many leucocytes are normally present in the average mm of human blood?

Answer 34

5-10 million

Question 35

what is the role of tissue plasminogen activator in fibrinolysis?

Answer 35

-it activates plasminogen
-it activates a protease which breaks down the fibrin in the clot