Blood Flashcards
whats the ph of blood?
7.35-7.45
what percent of bodyweight does blood make up?
about 8%
what is blood composed of?
55% plasma
45% cells and cell fragments
what is blood plasma composed of?
water 91.5%
proteins 7%
other solutes 1.5%
what proteins are contained in blood plasma? what do they each do? where are they produced?
albumins - osmotic balance by binding to lipophilic molecules
globulins - alpha and beta transport chemicals like iron and contribute to blood clotting, produced by liver and then gamma
fibrinogen
other proteins
give examples of other solutes found in blood plasma
-ions such as Na+ and Ca2+
-nutrients like glucose and amino acids
-waste produces like urea
-dissolved gasses like o2
-hormones
how is the the blood pH chemically balanced, give the chemical equations
check optom useful screenshots folder
Give some functions of blood plasma
-regulation of body temp
-regulation of cells water content
-blood clotting via fibrinogen
give examples of how proteins in the blood aid in transport of small molecules
-alpha and beta globulins by providing clotting factors
-gamma globulins which are immunoglobulins produced by lymphocytes
What cells/ cell fragments are in the blood and say their main function
-erythrocytes (red blood cells) - transport o2 to cells and remove c02
-leucocytes (white blood cells) - immunity, allergic reactions and phagocytosis
-thrombocytes (thrombocytes) - blood clotting
What is hematopoeisis?
The production of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets via stem cell division
give 3 features of erythrocytes
-bioconcave disks
-lack a nucleus and mitochondria
-carry o2 and co2 associated with haemoglobin
what is erythropoietic protoporphyria?
a disease caused by a lack of iron bound to the haem group of haemoglobin
give four features of leucocytes
what are the 5 different types of leucocytes and are they granular or agranular
agranular - lymphocytes and monocytes
granular- neutrophils ( account for most of the leucocytes), basophils and eosinophils
what do neutrophils do?
Respond to first bacterial invasion, phagocytic and so release lysozyme, important un controlling inflammation
what do basophils do?
Synthesise, store the vasodilator histamine and the anticoagulant heparin. Librate histamine, heparin and serotonin un allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response
what do eosinophils do?
-counteract the affects of histamine in allergic reactions
-phagocytise antigen-antibody complexes
-help break down blood clots and destroy certain parasitic worms
what do monocytes do?
-Release white blood cell growth factors causing population increase in white blood cells
-become macrophages and so phagocytose microbes, antigen-antibody complexes
what do lymphocytes do?
Provide an immune response through:
-b cells
-T cells: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
-natural killer cells
give 4 characteristics of leucocytes
-do chemotaxis
-amoeboid movements by forming temporary projections in order to move
-capability of diapedesis
-phagocytic
give the features of thrombocytes
-formed from cell fragmentation
-have no nucleus
-involved with clotting
-functional for 7-10 days before being removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen
-make up 55% of the blood
how do thrombocytes regulate homeostasis? Use the example of prevention of blood loss from a broken vessel
-vascular spasm: reduces blood flow by causing vasoconstriction of the injured vessel
-formation of a platelet plug where platelets aggregate at the point of vessel rupture
how do thrombocytes carry out coagulation?
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet releases ADP and thromboxane
- Platelet aggregation triggered
give examples of bleeding disorders
-haemophillia: blood clotting ability is severely reduced, caused by genetic defect
-thrombocytopenia abnormally low platelet count, many have idiopathic thrombocytopenia while in others it’s an autoimmune disease
Give three fibrinogen disorders
-afibrinogenemia: lack of
-hypofibrinogenemia: reduced levels
-dysfibrinogenemia: dysfunctional
give examples of inapporpriate blood clotting and what can this cause
-thrombus: clot formed in an intact vessel possibly due to atherosclerosis, slow moving blood and formation of small fibrin quantities that accumulate
-embolus: a moving clot
These cause risk of stroke, heart attack and pulmonary embolism
what is clot retraction?
Where as the wound heals, the contraction of platelets trapped within the clot shrinks fibrin meshwork pulling the edges of damaged vessels closer together - dissolution
give the pathway of fibrinolysis
-plasminogen binds to fibrinogen and fibrin and is incorporated into a clot as it’s formed
-plasminogen is activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase to become the protease plasmin
-plasmin then breaks down the fibrin mesh work and phagocytic leucocytes remove the products if the clot dissolution
What is haemoglobin made of?
A quaternary protein molecule made of 4 polypeptides (two of which are alpha polypeptides and 2 are beta polypeptides) where each one is associated with a haem group which contains an Fe2+ ion.
Where do oxygen molecules mind on a heamoglobin?
The bind to the Fe2+ of each polypeptide so each haemoglobin molecule can carry for O2 molecules
Give examples of types of people that have increased risk of elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.
-pregnancy
-menopause
-coronary artery disease
-diabetes
-hypertension
-smoking
what cells circulating in the blood can go through unruptured blood vessels into tissues?
neutrophils
how many leucocytes are normally present in the average mm of human blood?
5-10 million
what is the role of tissue plasminogen activator in fibrinolysis?
-it activates plasminogen
-it activates a protease which breaks down the fibrin in the clot
