The Human Body Chpt 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid

A

Anaerobic metabolism.

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1
Q

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic metabolism

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2
Q

The body cavity that contains the major organs of the digestion and extraction. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

A

Abdomen

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4
Q

Portion of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

Motion of a limb away from the midline

A

Abduction

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6
Q

The pointed extremity of a conical structure.

A

Apex (plural spices)

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7
Q

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with palms of the hands forward

A

Anatomic postion

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8
Q

Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate

A

Apneustic center

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10
Q

The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than women

A

Adams apple

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11
Q

The smallest branches of the arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle

A

Appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

Slow, gasping breath. Sometimes seen in dying patients

A

Agonal gasps

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15
Q

The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three components bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

A

Acetabulum

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16
Q

Pertaining to the nerves that released the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by the norepinephrine, that is the adrenergic receptors.

A

Adrenergic

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17
Q

The front surface of the body; the side facing you the standard anatomic position

A

Anterior

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18
Q

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

A

Aorta

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19
Q

The small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

Appendix

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21
Q

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues also called erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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22
Q

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the comments bile duct.

A

Gallbladder

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23
Q

Motion of a limb towards the midline.

A

Addiction

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24
Q

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

The nucleotide involved in the energy metabolism; used to store energy.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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26
Q

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart, blood vessels diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.

A

Medulla oblongata

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27
Q

The bone of the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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28
Q

The collar bone it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

A

Clavicle

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29
Q

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings and blood vessels

A

Dermis

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29
Q

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and Connor participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

A

Dead space

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30
Q

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

A

Cricoid cartilage

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31
Q

Two retroperitoneal organs that exerts the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content.

A

Kidneys

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32
Q

An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts

A

Coronal plane

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33
Q

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arteriolar, capillaries, venues, and veins the move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body.

A

Circulatory system

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34
Q

Parts of the body that lies closer to the midline; also called inner structures.

A

Medial

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35
Q

The reproductive system in males and females

A

General system

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36
Q

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.

A

Crico thyroid membrane?

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37
Q

The upper quarter of the sternum

A

Manubrium?

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37
Q

Below a body part or nearer to the feet

A

Inferior

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38
Q

The upper jawbones that assists in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity and the palate and hold the upper teeth

A

Maxillae

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39
Q

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

A

Foramen magnum

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39
Q

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five no fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

A

Lumbar spine

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40
Q

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.

A

Cervical spine

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41
Q

The area of the head above the ear and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain

A

Cranium

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42
Q

The last three to four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone

A

Coccyx

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43
Q

The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids.

A

Chyme

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44
Q

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing over expansion of the lungs

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

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45
Q

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

A

Femoral head

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46
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through out the body

A

The heart

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47
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

A

Germinal layer

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48
Q

Substances formed in a specialized organ or glands and cared to another Organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth and body temperature.

A

Hormones

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50
Q

The large muscle that cover the front of the humerus

A

Biceps

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51
Q

The tiny blood vessels between the arteriolar and venues that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between body tissues and the blood

A

Capillary vessels

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51
Q

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses and judgment

A

Brain

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52
Q

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

A

Greater trochanter

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53
Q

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum, controls functions that are necessary for life such ass reputation.

A

Brain stem

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54
Q

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens.

A

Vasa deferentia

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55
Q

The space between the cells

A

Interstitial space

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56
Q

The heart muscle

A

The cardiac muscles

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57
Q

The major artery that supples blood to the head of the brain

A

Carotid artery

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58
Q

The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.

A

Cartilage

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59
Q

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

A

Cecum

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60
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (cns)

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61
Q

Thin band of fibrosis tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from and inverting

A

Chordae tendineae

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62
Q

To straighten

A

Extend

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63
Q

The small organs that produce hair

A

Hair follicles

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64
Q

The thigh bone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

A

The femur

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65
Q

To bend

A

Flex

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66
Q

The bending of a joint

A

Flexion

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67
Q

The principal artery of the thigh, A continuation of the external iliac artery. It’s supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall external genitalia and legs, it can be palpated in the groin area.

A

Femoral artery

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68
Q

Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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69
Q

Relaxation, or period of relaxation of the heart especially of the ventricles

A

Diastole

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70
Q

The process of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

A

Digestion

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71
Q

Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free and of the extremity

A

Distal

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72
Q

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

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74
Q

A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found

A

Dorsal respiratory group (drg)

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75
Q

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of a he diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) bring air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

A

Diaphragm

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76
Q

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

A

Endocrine system

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76
Q

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

A

Hinge joint

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77
Q

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine

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78
Q

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200ml.

A

excitatory reserve volume

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78
Q

Substances catalyst designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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79
Q

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

A

Joint capsules

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80
Q

A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

A

Epiglottis

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81
Q

The use of muscles of the chest, back and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

A

Labored breathing

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82
Q

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen.

A

Lactic acid

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83
Q

A band of fibrous tissues that connect bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.

A

Ligaments

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84
Q

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

A

Lesser trochanter

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85
Q

In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures.

A

Lateral

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86
Q

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.

A

Large intestine

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87
Q

Large solid organ that lives in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

A

Liver

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88
Q

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating system of the body

A

Involuntary muscles

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89
Q

The place where two bones come in contact

A

Joint ( articulation)

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90
Q

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

Ischium

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91
Q

Amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation; The amount of air that can be in Allen in addition to the normal tidal volume

A

Inspiration reserve volume

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92
Q

One of the two largest vein in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

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93
Q

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

Ilium

94
Q

A “backup system” to control respirations; senses drops in oxygen level in the blood

A

Hypoxic drive

94
Q

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

95
Q

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

A

Hydrostatic pressure

96
Q

The major blood vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm

A

Brachial artery

97
Q

The duct that conveys Bile between the liver and intestines.

A

Bile ducts

98
Q

Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate and bronchial dilation

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

99
Q

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and the rib cage

A

Axial skeleton

100
Q

The part of the nervous system that regulates the functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.

A

Autonomic nervous system

101
Q

One of the two upper chambers of the heart

A

Atrium

102
Q

The Air sacs in the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

A

Alveoli

103
Q

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

A

Mucous membranes

104
Q

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the “grey matter”; made up of several lines that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality

A

Cerebrum

105
Q

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

A

Motor nerves

106
Q

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation

A

Minute volume

107
Q

Endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal glands

108
Q

And imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the umbilicus (navel) to the floor

A

Midsagittal - plane (midline)

109
Q

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the artery as it passes through them

A

Blood pressure (BP)

110
Q

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx of the stomach; contraction of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

A

Esophagus

111
Q

Outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

A

Epidermis

112
Q

Posterior surface of the body including the back of the hands

A

Dorsal

113
Q

The straining of a joint

A

Extension

114
Q

In anatomy, a body part that appeals on both sides of the midline

A

Bilateral

115
Q

Supporting bone of the upper arm

A

Humorous

116
Q

Further inside the body and away from the skin

A

Deep

117
Q

A joint that allows and her and external rotation as well as bending

A

Ball and socket joint

118
Q

One of the three bones to form the pelvic ring

A

Ischium

119
Q

The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricants body openings

A

Mucus

120
Q

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

A

Musculoskeletal system

121
Q

The most posterior portion of the cranium

A

Occiput

122
Q

The system that controls virtually autism of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

A

Nervous system

123
Q

A neurotransmitter and drug some time with you in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

A

Norepinephrine

124
Q

The part of the pharmyx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

A

Nasopharynx

125
Q

The heart muscle

A

Myocardium

126
Q

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillaries, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

A

Oncotic pressure

127
Q

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

Oropharynx

128
Q

Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs).

A

Ovaries

129
Q

The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic postion

A

Palmers

130
Q

The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position.

A

Palmar

131
Q

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.

A

Orbit

132
Q

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produce the hormone insulin

A

Pancreas

133
Q

The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscles

A

Patella

134
Q

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, Involved in control involuntary, vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

135
Q

The area between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

A

Parietal region

136
Q

The study of how normal psychological processes are by disease

A

Pathophphysiology

137
Q

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs.

A

Perfusion

138
Q

The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.

A

Patella

139
Q

The part of the nervous system that consist of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.

A

Peripheral nervous system.

140
Q

Wavelike contraction of smooth muscles by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

A

Peristalsis

141
Q

The bottom of the foot

A

Plantar

142
Q

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports waste material to the organs of excretion

A

Plasma

143
Q

Tiny, disk shaped elements that are much smarter than the cells; they are a essential in the initiate formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

A

Platelets

144
Q

The serous membrane covering the longs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely and closing up the potential space known as the plural space

A

Pleura

145
Q

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

A

Pleural space

146
Q

A portion of the pons that assist in creating shorter, faster respirations

A

Pneumotaxic (pontine) center

147
Q

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.

A

Pons

148
Q

In anatomy, the fact surface of the body; The side away from you and the standard anatomic position

A

Posterior

149
Q

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

A

Posture tibial artery.

150
Q

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that Id part of the ejaculatory fluid.

A

Prostate gland.

151
Q

Closer to the trunk

A

Proximal

152
Q

A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

A

Pubic symphysis

153
Q

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

Pubis

154
Q

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood.

A

Pulmonary artery

155
Q

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venues and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

156
Q

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

157
Q

The wave pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into major arteries

A

Pulse

158
Q

The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas

A

Quadrants

159
Q

Major artery in the forearm; its is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.

A

Radial artery

160
Q

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

A

Radius

161
Q

The lowermost end of the colon

A

Rectum

162
Q

A cone shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney.

A

Renal pelvis

163
Q

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

164
Q

The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

A

Respiration

165
Q

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airway and their components parts

A

Respiratory system

166
Q

Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for the maintenance of consciousness, specifically ones level of arousal

A

Reticular activating system

167
Q

Behind the abdominal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

168
Q

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

A

Sacroiliac joint.

169
Q

One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

A

Sacrum

170
Q

And imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts

A

Sagittal (lateral) plane

171
Q

Glands that produce saliva to keep the mouse and the pharynx moist

A

Salivary glands

172
Q

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

A

Scalp

173
Q

The shoulder blade

A

Scapula

174
Q

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.

A

Sebaceous glands

176
Q

Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and contains sperm

A

Semen

176
Q

Storch sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.

A

Seminal vesicles

177
Q

Carrie sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory nerves

178
Q

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrients delivered to the metabolic apparatus of the cell

A

Shock

179
Q

The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humorous

A

Shoulder girdle

180
Q

Muscle that is attached to the bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary muscles.

A

Skeletal muscles

181
Q

The framework that gives the body it recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs

A

Skeleton

182
Q

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum jejunum and ileum

A

Small intestine

183
Q

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

A

Smooth muscles

184
Q

The part of the nervous system night regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

Somatic nervous system

185
Q

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

A

Sphincters

186
Q

A device used to measure blood

A

Sphygmomanometer

187
Q

An extension of the brain, composed virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. And lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal

A

Spinal cord

188
Q

The breastbone

A

Sternum

189
Q

The outermost or dead layer of skin

A

Stratum corneal layer

190
Q

Closer to or on the skin

A

Superficial

191
Q

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

Stroke volume (SV)

192
Q

Tissue, largely fat, but nice try at the end of the dermis and serves as insulation for the body

A

Subcutaneous tissue

193
Q

Above a body part or nearer to the head

A

Superior

194
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck and chest into the heart

A

Superior vena cava

195
Q

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

A

Sweat glands

196
Q

A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection

A

Symphysis

197
Q

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

A

Synovial fluid

198
Q

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

A

Synovial membrane

199
Q

The portion of this circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

A

Systemic circulation

200
Q

The quadrangle bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.

A

Zygomas

201
Q

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

A

Xi photos process

202
Q

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.

A

White blood cells

203
Q

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to alveoli

A

V/Q ratio

204
Q

Muscles that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relax that well; skeletal, or striated, muscle.

A

Voluntary muscle

205
Q

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column

A

Vertebrae

206
Q

One of the lower chambers of the heart

A

Ventricle

207
Q

A portion of the medulla oblongata that Id responsible for modulating reading during speech.

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

208
Q

The anterior surface of the body

A

Ventral

209
Q

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment

A

Ventilation

210
Q

A muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva ( the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal.

A

Vagina

211
Q

The organs that controlled the discharge of certain waste materials filter from the blood and excreted as urine

A

Urinary system

212
Q

A sac behind a pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.

A

Urinary bladder

213
Q

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

A

Urethra

214
Q

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureter

215
Q

In your bone of the forearm, on the side opposite of the thumb

A

Ulna

216
Q

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of the blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

A

Tunica media

217
Q

The muscle on the back of the upper arm

A

Triceps

218
Q

The contraction or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

A

Systole

219
Q

The lateral portion on each side of the cranium

A

Temporal regions

220
Q

The fibrosis connective tissues that attaches muscle to the bone

A

Tendons

221
Q

A male genital Genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

A

Testicle

222
Q

The chest or rib cage

A

Thoracic cage

223
Q

Chest contains a heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels

A

Thoracic cavity

224
Q

12 vertebrae that live between the cervical vertebrae in the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ripped is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

A

Thoracic spine

225
Q

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple.

A

Thyroid cartilage

226
Q

The shinbone, The larger of the two bones of the lower leg

A

Tibia

227
Q

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

A

Tidal volume

228
Q

The superficial landmark of the body as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

A

Topographic anatomy

229
Q

No truck without the head or limbs

A

Torso

230
Q

The windpipe; The main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

A

Trachea

232
Q

An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts

A

Transversal (axial) Lane