The Human Body Chpt 5 Flashcards
0
Q
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid
A
Anaerobic metabolism.
1
Q
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
A
Aerobic metabolism
2
Q
The body cavity that contains the major organs of the digestion and extraction. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
A
Abdomen
4
Q
Portion of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels
A
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
5
Q
Motion of a limb away from the midline
A
Abduction
6
Q
The pointed extremity of a conical structure.
A
Apex (plural spices)
7
Q
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with palms of the hands forward
A
Anatomic postion
8
Q
Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate
A
Apneustic center
10
Q
The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than women
A
Adams apple
11
Q
The smallest branches of the arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
A
Arterioles
12
Q
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
A
Appendicular skeleton
13
Q
Slow, gasping breath. Sometimes seen in dying patients
A
Agonal gasps
15
Q
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three components bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
A
Acetabulum
16
Q
Pertaining to the nerves that released the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by the norepinephrine, that is the adrenergic receptors.
A
Adrenergic
17
Q
The front surface of the body; the side facing you the standard anatomic position
A
Anterior
18
Q
The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
A
Aorta
19
Q
The small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
A
Appendix
21
Q
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues also called erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells
22
Q
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the comments bile duct.
A
Gallbladder
23
Q
Motion of a limb towards the midline.
A
Addiction
24
Q
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
A
Midbrain
25
Q
The nucleotide involved in the energy metabolism; used to store energy.
A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
26
Q
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart, blood vessels diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.
A
Medulla oblongata
27
Q
The bone of the lower jaw
A
Mandible
28
The collar bone it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
29
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings and blood vessels
Dermis
29
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and Connor participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead space
30
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
31
Two retroperitoneal organs that exerts the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content.
Kidneys
32
An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts
Coronal plane
33
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arteriolar, capillaries, venues, and veins the move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body.
Circulatory system
34
Parts of the body that lies closer to the midline; also called inner structures.
Medial
35
The reproductive system in males and females
General system
36
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
Crico thyroid membrane?
37
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium?
37
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
Inferior
38
The upper jawbones that assists in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity and the palate and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
39
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
Foramen magnum
39
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five no fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
Lumbar spine
40
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
Cervical spine
41
The area of the head above the ear and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain
Cranium
42
The last three to four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
Coccyx
43
The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
Chyme
44
A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing over expansion of the lungs
Hering-Breuer reflex
45
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Femoral head
46
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through out the body
The heart
47
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
48
Substances formed in a specialized organ or glands and cared to another Organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth and body temperature.
Hormones
50
The large muscle that cover the front of the humerus
Biceps
51
The tiny blood vessels between the arteriolar and venues that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary vessels
51
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses and judgment
Brain
52
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater trochanter
53
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum, controls functions that are necessary for life such ass reputation.
Brain stem
54
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens.
Vasa deferentia
55
The space between the cells
Interstitial space
56
The heart muscle
The cardiac muscles
57
The major artery that supples blood to the head of the brain
Carotid artery
58
The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
Cartilage
59
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
60
The brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (cns)
61
Thin band of fibrosis tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from and inverting
Chordae tendineae
62
To straighten
Extend
63
The small organs that produce hair
Hair follicles
64
The thigh bone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
The femur
65
To bend
Flex
66
The bending of a joint
Flexion
67
The principal artery of the thigh, A continuation of the external iliac artery. It's supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall external genitalia and legs, it can be palpated in the groin area.
Femoral artery
68
Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
69
Relaxation, or period of relaxation of the heart especially of the ventricles
Diastole
70
The process of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
71
Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free and of the extremity
Distal
72
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
74
A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found
Dorsal respiratory group (drg)
75
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of a he diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) bring air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
76
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
Endocrine system
76
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
Hinge joint
77
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine
78
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200ml.
excitatory reserve volume
78
Substances catalyst designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
Enzymes
79
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Joint capsules
80
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
81
The use of muscles of the chest, back and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
Labored breathing
82
A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen.
Lactic acid
83
A band of fibrous tissues that connect bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.
Ligaments
84
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
Lesser trochanter
85
In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures.
Lateral
86
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
Large intestine
87
Large solid organ that lives in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
Liver
88
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating system of the body
Involuntary muscles
89
The place where two bones come in contact
Joint ( articulation)
90
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
91
Amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation; The amount of air that can be in Allen in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspiration reserve volume
92
One of the two largest vein in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior vena cava
93
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
94
A "backup system" to control respirations; senses drops in oxygen level in the blood
Hypoxic drive
94
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
95
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
Hydrostatic pressure
96
The major blood vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial artery
97
The duct that conveys Bile between the liver and intestines.
Bile ducts
98
Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
99
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and the rib cage
Axial skeleton
100
The part of the nervous system that regulates the functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.
Autonomic nervous system
101
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
102
The Air sacs in the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Alveoli
103
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
Mucous membranes
104
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "grey matter"; made up of several lines that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality
Cerebrum
105
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor nerves
106
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation
Minute volume
107
Endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
108
And imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the umbilicus (navel) to the floor
Midsagittal - plane (midline)
109
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the artery as it passes through them
Blood pressure (BP)
110
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx of the stomach; contraction of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
111
Outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
Epidermis
112
Posterior surface of the body including the back of the hands
Dorsal
113
The straining of a joint
Extension
114
In anatomy, a body part that appeals on both sides of the midline
Bilateral
115
Supporting bone of the upper arm
Humorous
116
Further inside the body and away from the skin
Deep
117
A joint that allows and her and external rotation as well as bending
Ball and socket joint
118
One of the three bones to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
119
The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricants body openings
Mucus
120
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal system
121
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
122
The system that controls virtually autism of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous system
123
A neurotransmitter and drug some time with you in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
Norepinephrine
124
The part of the pharmyx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
Nasopharynx
125
The heart muscle
Myocardium
126
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillaries, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
127
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
128
Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs).
Ovaries
129
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic postion
Palmers
130
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position.
Palmar
131
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.
Orbit
132
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produce the hormone insulin
Pancreas
133
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscles
Patella
134
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, Involved in control involuntary, vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nervous system
135
The area between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal region
136
The study of how normal psychological processes are by disease
Pathophphysiology
137
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs.
Perfusion
138
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
Patella
139
The part of the nervous system that consist of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.
Peripheral nervous system.
140
Wavelike contraction of smooth muscles by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
141
The bottom of the foot
Plantar
142
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
143
Tiny, disk shaped elements that are much smarter than the cells; they are a essential in the initiate formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
144
The serous membrane covering the longs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely and closing up the potential space known as the plural space
Pleura
145
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
Pleural space
146
A portion of the pons that assist in creating shorter, faster respirations
Pneumotaxic (pontine) center
147
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center.
Pons
148
In anatomy, the fact surface of the body; The side away from you and the standard anatomic position
Posterior
149
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
Posture tibial artery.
150
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that Id part of the ejaculatory fluid.
Prostate gland.
151
Closer to the trunk
Proximal
152
A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
153
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
154
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood.
Pulmonary artery
155
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venues and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary circulation
156
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
157
The wave pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into major arteries
Pulse
158
The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas
Quadrants
159
Major artery in the forearm; its is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.
Radial artery
160
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
161
The lowermost end of the colon
Rectum
162
A cone shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney.
Renal pelvis
163
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
164
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
Respiration
165
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airway and their components parts
Respiratory system
166
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for the maintenance of consciousness, specifically ones level of arousal
Reticular activating system
167
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
168
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac joint.
169
One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
170
And imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plane
171
Glands that produce saliva to keep the mouse and the pharynx moist
Salivary glands
172
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
Scalp
173
The shoulder blade
Scapula
174
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.
Sebaceous glands
176
Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and contains sperm
Semen
176
Storch sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.
Seminal vesicles
177
Carrie sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory nerves
178
An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrients delivered to the metabolic apparatus of the cell
Shock
179
The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humorous
Shoulder girdle
180
Muscle that is attached to the bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary muscles.
Skeletal muscles
181
The framework that gives the body it recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
Skeleton
182
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum jejunum and ileum
Small intestine
183
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscles
184
The part of the nervous system night regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
185
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
Sphincters
186
A device used to measure blood
Sphygmomanometer
187
An extension of the brain, composed virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. And lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal
Spinal cord
188
The breastbone
Sternum
189
The outermost or dead layer of skin
Stratum corneal layer
190
Closer to or on the skin
Superficial
191
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume (SV)
192
Tissue, largely fat, but nice try at the end of the dermis and serves as insulation for the body
Subcutaneous tissue
193
Above a body part or nearer to the head
Superior
194
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
195
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
Sweat glands
196
A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection
Symphysis
197
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial fluid
198
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Synovial membrane
199
The portion of this circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
200
The quadrangle bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.
Zygomas
201
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xi photos process
202
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.
White blood cells
203
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to alveoli
V/Q ratio
204
Muscles that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relax that well; skeletal, or striated, muscle.
Voluntary muscle
205
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
206
One of the lower chambers of the heart
Ventricle
207
A portion of the medulla oblongata that Id responsible for modulating reading during speech.
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
208
The anterior surface of the body
Ventral
209
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
Ventilation
210
A muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva ( the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal.
Vagina
211
The organs that controlled the discharge of certain waste materials filter from the blood and excreted as urine
Urinary system
212
A sac behind a pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.
Urinary bladder
213
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
214
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
215
In your bone of the forearm, on the side opposite of the thumb
Ulna
216
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of the blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.
Tunica media
217
The muscle on the back of the upper arm
Triceps
218
The contraction or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
219
The lateral portion on each side of the cranium
Temporal regions
220
The fibrosis connective tissues that attaches muscle to the bone
Tendons
221
A male genital Genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
222
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic cage
223
Chest contains a heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels
Thoracic cavity
224
12 vertebrae that live between the cervical vertebrae in the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ripped is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.
Thoracic spine
225
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.
Thyroid cartilage
226
The shinbone, The larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
227
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
Tidal volume
228
The superficial landmark of the body as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
Topographic anatomy
229
No truck without the head or limbs
Torso
230
The windpipe; The main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
232
An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts
Transversal (axial) Lane
