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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

is the study of structure and shape of the body
and its parts and their relationships to one another.

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2
Q

Anatomy Subdivisions

A

Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy

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3
Q

Define Gross Anatomy

A

The study of large body structures that can be seen with the naked eye

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4
Q

Define Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of small body structures (cells and tissues) that can only be seen through a microscope

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5
Q

Define physiology

A

The study of how the body and its parts work or function

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6
Q

Levels of structural organism

A

Chemical level (atoms ——> molecules)
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level

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7
Q

Parts of the integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, and fingernails

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8
Q

Function of the integumentary system

A

• It cushions and protects deeper tissues from injury.
• Excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature.
• Sensory receptors located in the skin detect mechanical, thermal, or nociceptive (painful) stimuli applied on the body surface.
• When skin is exposed to sunlight, it produces Vitamin D.

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9
Q

Parts of the skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage, joints

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10
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

▪ Protects and supports body organs
▪ Provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
▪ Site for blood cells formation.
▪ Stores essential minerals (like calcium)

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11
Q

Muscular system parts

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What are the skeletal muscles and their function

A
  • Large muscles attached to the bones
  • Their function is to contract, which cause body movements
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13
Q

What are the smooth muscles and their function

A
  • Muscles of hollow organs (stomach, bladder, blood vessels, wall of intestines, etc.)
  • Their function is to move fluids (blood or urine) or other substances (food)
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14
Q

What is the cardiac muscle and its function

A
  • Muscle of the heart
  • Its function is to contract the heart and pump the blood
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15
Q

What’s the body’s fast-acting control system?

A

The Nervous System

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16
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

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17
Q

Function of the nervous system

A
  • It uses sensory receptors to monitor the internal and external changes of the body. The gathered information
    is called sensory input.
  • It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment—a process called integration.
  • It then, through motor output, causes a response by activating muscles or glands (effectors)
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18
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels

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19
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

▪ The heart pumps blood into blood vessels.
▪ Blood vessels deliver blood rich in oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to cells and pick up wastes such as carbon dioxide from cells.
▪ In blood; white blood cells and chemicals help to protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

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20
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels & lymphoid organs (tonsils,
thymus, spleen, Peyer’s patches, and appendix)

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21
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

The lymphatic vessels
When fluid is leaked into tissues from the blood vessels;
lymphatic vessels return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the body.
The lymphatic nodes and lymphoid organs
They cleanse the blood and are a place for white blood
cells that are involved in immunity

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22
Q

Parts of the respiratory system

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli

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23
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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24
Q

Parts of the digestive system

A

oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum plus a number of accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, pancreas, etc.)

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25
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Breaks down food and delivers the resulting nutrients to the blood for distribution to body cells.

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26
Q

Function of the stomach

A

produces enzymes and acidsto break down food so it can pass small intestine

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27
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Delivers enzymes to the small intestine to break down food

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28
Q

Function of the liver

A

Produces bile to help in breaking down the fats

29
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

helps to further break down food coming from the stomach.
It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates,
fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by
the body

30
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb excess water from materials it receives from the small intestine

31
Q

Function of the anus

A

The undigested food that remains in the tract leaves the body through the anus as faeces.

32
Q

Name an organ that has both endocrine and digestive function?

A

Pancreas

33
Q

Parts of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

34
Q

Function of the urinary system

A

• Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes (urea and uric acid) from the blood and eliminates them from the
body in urine.
• It maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance
• Regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
• Helps to regulate normal blood pressure

35
Q

Function of the reproductive system

A

function of the reproductive system is the production of offspring

36
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A

Testes, ducts and glands

37
Q

Function of the testes

A

produce sperm and male sex hormone

38
Q

Function of the ducts and the glands

A

aid in the delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

39
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, mammary glands

40
Q

Function of the ovaries

A

produce eggs and female sex hormones

41
Q

Function of the fallopian tube

A

site for fertilization

42
Q

Function of the uterus

A

development of the fetus

43
Q

Function of the mammary glands

A

produce milk to nourish the newborn

44
Q

True or False
Each organ system works by itself to do its function

A

False
Organ systems do not work in isolation.

45
Q

Functions that humans must perform to maintain life:

A

1 - Maintaining boundaries
2 - Movement
3 - Responsiveness to environmental changes (stimuli)
4 - Digestion
5 - Metabolism
6 - Excretion
7 - Reproduction
8 - Growth (Increase no. of cells / Increase in size)

46
Q

The system involved in maintaining the boundaries

A

Integumentary system

47
Q

What is meant by maintaining the boundaries

A

The internal environment remains distinct from the external environment of the body

48
Q

Examples of maintaining the boundaries

A

It protects internal organs from drying out due to the effects of heat and sunlight and from entry of pathogens (such as bacteria and chemical substances).
The plasma membrane separates contents from the inside from the outside interstitial fluid (fluid between cells).
Selective entry of needed substances while generally preventing entry of damaging substances.

49
Q

How are the boundaries maintained in the cell

A

semipermeable plasma membrane

50
Q

How is the movement supported

A

Movement is supported by the skeletal muscles and the smooth muscles

51
Q

Forms of movement

A

Movement from one place to another
Movement of urine through the urinary system
Food on peristalsis movement through the digestive tract
Movement of blood in blood vessels of a cardiovascular system

52
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

The ability of our body to sense changes (stimuli) in the
internal or external environment and then to react to them (also called excitability)

53
Q

The system involved in the “responsiveness”

A

Nervous system

54
Q

Which organs are involved in internal and external response

A

Glands

55
Q

Which organs are involved in external response?

A

Muscle

56
Q

Define digestion

A

Digestion is the process of breaking down indigested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

57
Q

which system distributes the nutrient rich blood to the body cells?

A

The Cardiovascular System

58
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

A broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

59
Q

Forms/ examples of Metabolism

A

It includes:
• Breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks (breakdown of glucose)
• Making larger structures from smaller ones (synthesis of glucagon)
• Using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)
(the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities).

60
Q

Define Excretion

A

Excretion is the process of removing wastes (excreta) from the body

61
Q

Organ systems that are included in the excretion

A

The digestive system excretes undigested food in faeces (stool).
The urinary system excretes nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine.
The skin excretes different types of waste products in sweat.

62
Q

In what levels does reproduction occur?

A

Cellular or organismal level

63
Q

How does reproduction happen in the cellular level

A

Cellular – the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or tissue repair.

64
Q

How does reproduction happen at the organismal level?

A

Organismal – Reproduction of the human organism is the task of the organs of the reproductive system, which produce sperm and eggs. When a sperm unites with an egg, a fertilized egg forms, which then develops into a baby within the mother’s body.

65
Q

How is the function of the reproductive system regulated?

A

The function of the reproductive system is regulated by hormones of the endocrine system.

66
Q

Define growth

A

Growth is an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
The scientific term for growth means “constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive activities”.

67
Q

Which system is involved in the process of growth?

A

Hormones released by the endocrine system play a major role in directing growth.
(Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, androgens, and estrogens)

68
Q

What are the survival needs needed to maintain life

A

Nutrients (food)
Oxygen
Water
Appropriate temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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