the human body: an orientation

Question 1

name the levels in structural organization

Answer 1

1- chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles)
2- cellular level (single cell)
3- tissue level (groups of similar cells)
4- organ levels (contains 2 or more types of tissues)
5- organ system level (organs that work closely together)
6 - organismal level (all organ systems combined to make the whole organism)

Question 2

what are the necessary life functions?

Answer 2

1- maintaining boundaries
2- movement
3- responsiveness
4- digestion
5- metabolism
6- excretion
7- reproduction
8- growth

Question 3

what is contractility?

Answer 3

movement at the cellular level

Question 4

what is catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 4

break down of molecules and synthesis of molecules

Question 5

what is homeostasis?

Answer 5

maintain a relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in external environment

Question 6

what is negative feedback?

Answer 6

negative feedback is the most-used feedback mechanism in the body. it ignores minor variations, and the response reduces or shuts off original stimulus.

Question 7

what is positive feedback?

Answer 7

response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, causes variable to continue in the same direction as inital change.

Question 8

describe the homeostatic control of variables

Answer 8

1- stimulus that disrupts homeostasis

2- controlled condition

3- receptor (sensor)
monitors environment + responds to stimuli.
sends input to control center.

4- control center
brain and spinal cord
determines appropriate response by generating output commands.

5- effectors
organs and glands
provides a response of effect that changes controlled condition.
reduces or enhances stimulus.

6- response (input/output)
nerve impulses
chemical signals (ex: hormones)

Question 9

what is pluera?

Answer 9

lungs

Question 10

what is pericardium?

Answer 10

heart

Question 11

what is peritoneum?

Answer 11

abdominal and pelvic region

Question 12

what is visceral and parietal?

Answer 12

visceral = organ
parietal = cavity wall

Question 13

what is serous fluid?

Answer 13

small space with fluid, prevents friction between organs and infections spreading from one organ to another.

Question 14

integumentary system

Answer 14

structure: skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands

function: protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates wastes (sweat), and functions as a sense organ

Question 15

skeletal system

Answer 15

structure: bones, joints (cartilage + ligaments), tendons

function: provides protection, support, body movement, storage of minerals, production of red + white blood cells, and platelets.

Question 16

muscular system

Answer 16

structure: skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles, tendons

function: movement, maintain posture, generates heat to maintain a constant body temperature

Question 17

nervous system

Answer 17

structure: brain, spinal cords, nerves, and sensory organs

function: communication, integration, control of body functions + recognition of sensory

Question 18

endocrine system

Answer 18

structure: hormone-producing cells and glands that secrete hormones into the blood

function: communication, integration, control of body functions + recognition of chemical stimuli

Question 19

cardiovascular (circulatory) system

Answer 19

structure: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

function: transportation of blood, O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste, regulates body temperature and water balance

Question 20

lymphatic system

Answer 20

structure: lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphocytes, lymphatic organs

function: transports fats, proteins from digestive tract to cardiovascular system, filters blood and protects against disease

Question 21

respiratory system

Answer 21

structure: nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli

function: blood exchange of O2 + CO2, warms/humidifies air, traps irritants, in conjunction with kidneys, regulates acid/base balance

Question 22

digestive system

Answer 22

structure: mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anal canal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

function: physical + chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste

Question 23

urinary system

Answer 23

structure: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

function: urine productions by cleaning blood of waste products, the regulation of water (blood pressure), electrolyte, and acid/base balance

Question 24

reproductive system

Answer 24

structure: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube, vagina, mammary glands, testes, penis, scrotum, vas deferens, prostate

function: reproduction, development of hormones and sexual characteristics