the human body: an orientation Flashcards
name the levels in structural organization
1- chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles)
2- cellular level (single cell)
3- tissue level (groups of similar cells)
4- organ levels (contains 2 or more types of tissues)
5- organ system level (organs that work closely together)
6 - organismal level (all organ systems combined to make the whole organism)
what are the necessary life functions?
1- maintaining boundaries
2- movement
3- responsiveness
4- digestion
5- metabolism
6- excretion
7- reproduction
8- growth
what is contractility?
movement at the cellular level
what is catabolism and anabolism?
break down of molecules and synthesis of molecules
what is homeostasis?
maintain a relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in external environment
what is negative feedback?
negative feedback is the most-used feedback mechanism in the body. it ignores minor variations, and the response reduces or shuts off original stimulus.
what is positive feedback?
response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, causes variable to continue in the same direction as inital change.
describe the homeostatic control of variables
1- stimulus that disrupts homeostasis
2- controlled condition
3- receptor (sensor)
monitors environment + responds to stimuli.
sends input to control center.
4- control center
brain and spinal cord
determines appropriate response by generating output commands.
5- effectors
organs and glands
provides a response of effect that changes controlled condition.
reduces or enhances stimulus.
6- response (input/output)
nerve impulses
chemical signals (ex: hormones)
what is pluera?
lungs
what is pericardium?
heart
what is peritoneum?
abdominal and pelvic region
what is visceral and parietal?
visceral = organ
parietal = cavity wall
what is serous fluid?
small space with fluid, prevents friction between organs and infections spreading from one organ to another.
integumentary system
structure: skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands
function: protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates wastes (sweat), and functions as a sense organ
skeletal system
structure: bones, joints (cartilage + ligaments), tendons
function: provides protection, support, body movement, storage of minerals, production of red + white blood cells, and platelets.
muscular system
structure: skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles, tendons
function: movement, maintain posture, generates heat to maintain a constant body temperature
nervous system
structure: brain, spinal cords, nerves, and sensory organs
function: communication, integration, control of body functions + recognition of sensory
endocrine system
structure: hormone-producing cells and glands that secrete hormones into the blood
function: communication, integration, control of body functions + recognition of chemical stimuli
cardiovascular (circulatory) system
structure: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
function: transportation of blood, O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste, regulates body temperature and water balance
lymphatic system
structure: lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphocytes, lymphatic organs
function: transports fats, proteins from digestive tract to cardiovascular system, filters blood and protects against disease
respiratory system
structure: nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli
function: blood exchange of O2 + CO2, warms/humidifies air, traps irritants, in conjunction with kidneys, regulates acid/base balance
digestive system
structure: mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anal canal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
function: physical + chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste
urinary system
structure: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
function: urine productions by cleaning blood of waste products, the regulation of water (blood pressure), electrolyte, and acid/base balance
reproductive system
structure: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube, vagina, mammary glands, testes, penis, scrotum, vas deferens, prostate
function: reproduction, development of hormones and sexual characteristics
