The human body (2) Flashcards
Week 2
What is the standard anatomical position? (4 points)
-Body erect
-Feet slightly apart
-Palms facing forward
-Thumbs pointing away from body
Definition of Directional Terms and (1-what direction based on and 2- what do right and left refer to?)
Describe one body structure in relation to another body structure
1.Direction is always based on standard anatomical position
2.Right and left refer to the body being viewed from behind.
Definition of superior (cranial) with example
*Toward the head end or upper part of a structure.
1-The head is superior to the abdomen
Definition of Inferior (caudal) with example
*Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure.
1-The navel is inferior to the chin
Definition of anterior (ventral) and example
*Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)
1-The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
Definition of Posterior (dorsal) with example
*Toward or at the back of the body (behind)
1-The heart is posterior to the breastbone
Definition of Medial with example
*Toward in the middle of the body (on the inner side of)
1-The heart is medial to the arm
Definition of Lateral with example
*Away from the midline of the body( on the outer side)
1-The arms are lateral to the chest
Definition of Intermediate with example
*Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
1-The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
Definition of Proximal with example
*Closer to the origin of the body part
1-The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Definition of Distal with example
*Further from the origin of a body part
1-The knee is distal to the thigh
Definition of Superficial (external) with example
*Toward or at the body surface
1-The skin is superficial to the skeleton muscles
Definition of Deep (internal) with examples
*Away from the body surface (more internal)
1-The lungs are deep to the skin
What are Regional terms
Designate specific areas within body divisions
What are the two major divisions of the body and what do they include?
1- Axial (head, neck and trunk)
2- Appendicular (limbs = legs and arms)
What are body planes?
Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study
What is a sagittal plane?
*Divides body vertically into right and left parts, produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane.
Definition of (median) plane
*Cut was made perfectly on midline
Definition of parasagittal plane
*Cut was off-centred, not on midline.
What is the Frontal (coronal) plane ?
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front/back)
*Produces a frontal or coronal section
What is the Transverse (horizontal) plane?
Divides body horizontally (90^o to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
*Produces a cross section
What is an oblique section?
A cut at an angle other than 90^o to vertical plane.
Two sets of cavities (internal, closed to the environment)
1.Dorsal body cavity
2.Ventral body cavity
What does the Dorsal body cavity do and its two subdivisions?
- Protects fragile nervous system
1.Cranial cavity( encases brain)
2.Vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)
What does the Ventral body cavity do and its two subdivisions (separated by the diaphragm)?
- Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)
1.Thoracic cavity
2.Abdominopelvic cavity
Two cavities (M &P) in the Thoracic cavity and what they contain (3 points)
*Each cavity surrounds one lung
1.Mediastinum contains the PERICARDIAL cavity
-Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as the esophagus, trachea
2. PERICARDIAL : Encloses the heart!!!
Cavities in the abdominopelvic cavity and examples of what they contain?
- Abdominal cavity
-stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, liver.
2.Pelvic cavity- bladder, rectum, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries.
Structure of abdominal cavity in comparison to the pelvic cavity
The walls of the abdominal cavity are muscle only (pelvic cavity limited protection due to pelvic bones) so organs in this area are most vulnerable to trauma.
What is the Serosa membrane (also known as the serous membrane)
*Thin, double layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity
Two types of serous membrane
1.Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
2.Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
What separates the parietal and visceral serosa?
A slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid that both layers of the membrane secrete.
Organs associated with: Pericardium, Pleurae, Peritoneum.
1,Heart
2.Lungs
3.Abdominopelvic cavity
What happens when the serous membranes are infected? with examples
1.They can become inflamed (also due to other causes)
2.Normally smooth layers can become rough and can stick together (very painful)
e.g. pleurisy, peritonitis, pericarditis
Name the 4 quadrants (division) of the abdominopelvic region
~Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
~Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
~Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
~Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Nine regions of the abdominopelvic region
-Right hypochondriac region
-Epigastric region
-Left hypochondriac region
-Right lumbar region
-Umbilical region
-Left lumber region
-Right Iliac (inguinal) region
-Hypogastric region
-Left iliac (inguinal) region
4 smaller cavities the body has that are exposed to the environment. And one not exposed
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities (joint cavities)
