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The Human Body Flashcards

Chapter 6

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the physical structure of the body and its components

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

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4
Q

Umbilicus (Navel)

A

belly button

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5
Q

Topographic Anatomy

A

the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

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6
Q

Anatomic Position

A

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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7
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A

Description: Front and Back
definition: an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

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8
Q

Sagittal (lateral) plane

A

Definition: an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Description: Left and Right

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9
Q

Midsagittal (midline) plane

A

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the navel to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Description: Left and right (equal halves)

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10
Q

Transverse (axial) plane

A

definition: an imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Description: Top and Bottom

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11
Q

Skeletal System

A

the framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues

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12
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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13
Q

Coccyx

A

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine (the tail bone)

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14
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

the chest or rib cage

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15
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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16
Q

Joint

A

the place where two bones come into contact, aka an articulation

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17
Q

Ligaments

A

Function: Connects bone to bone
definition: brands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones, they help strengthen a joint

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18
Q

Cartilage

A

Function: Cushion between bones
definition: the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones

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19
Q

Tendons

A

Function: Connects muscle to bone
definition: the fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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20
Q

Symphyses

A

joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection

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21
Q

Joint Capsule

A

the fibrous sac that encloses a joint

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22
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

the connection between the pelvis and the vertebral column

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23
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints

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24
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

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25
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

the small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

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26
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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27
Q

Hinge Joints

A

joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate, they restrict motion to one plane

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28
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a joint

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29
Q

Extension

A

Straightening of a joint

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30
Q

Cranium

A

the part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones

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31
Q

Frontal Bones

A

the bones of the cranium that form the forehead

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32
Q

temporal bones

A

the lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

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33
Q

parietal bones

A

the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

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34
Q

occipital bone

A

the posterior bone of the cranium

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35
Q

maxillae

A

upper jawbones

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36
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

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37
Q

zygomas

A

cheek bones

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38
Q

orbit

A

eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

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39
Q

vertebral column

A

aka spinal column, formed by 33 vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral disks. it houses and protects the spinal cord

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40
Q

vertebrae

A

bones in the vertebral column; there are 33

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41
Q

cervical spine

A

the portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae (C1-C7) that lie in the neck

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42
Q

thoracic spine

A

the 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae (T1-T12)

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43
Q

lumbar spine

A

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine (L1-L5)

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44
Q

sacrum

A

one of three (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)

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45
Q

coccyx

A

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone

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46
Q

intervertebral disks

A

tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae

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47
Q

thorax

A

the chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

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48
Q

sternum

A

the breast bone (there are 3 parts)

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49
Q

manubrium

A

the uppermost section of the sternum

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50
Q

xiphoid process

A

the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

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51
Q

pectoral girdle

A

the supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle

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52
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone, it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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53
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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54
Q

humerus

A

the supporting single bone of the upper arm

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55
Q

femur

A

thighbone, the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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56
Q

femoral head

A

the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

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57
Q

greater trochanter

A

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

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58
Q

lesser trochanter

A

the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

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59
Q

patella

A

kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

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60
Q

tibia

A

shinbone; the larger of the two bones in the lower leg

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61
Q

fibula

A

the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side

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62
Q

malleolus

A

a rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone

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63
Q

tarsals

A

the group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsals bones of the foot

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64
Q

metatarsals

A

bones of the foot, situated between the carpals and phalanges

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65
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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66
Q

talus

A

articulates to the ends of the tibia and fibula to form the ankle

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67
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

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68
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated muscle

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69
Q

involuntary muscle

A

the muscle over which a person has no conscious control.

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70
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

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71
Q

cardiac muscle

A

the heart muscle

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72
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

the bones and voluntary muscles of the body

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73
Q

biceps

A
  • anterior, humerus
    definition: the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
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74
Q

triceps

A

the muscle in the back of the upper arm

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75
Q

respiratory system

A

all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

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76
Q

nasopharynx

A

the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

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77
Q

trachea

A

the windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

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78
Q

epiglottis

A

a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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79
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

adam’s apple; a firm prominence (elevation) of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx

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80
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

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81
Q

cricothyroid membrane

A

a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

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82
Q

alveoli

A

the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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83
Q

pleura

A

the serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

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84
Q

pleural space

A

the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

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85
Q

diaphram

A

a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muslcles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

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86
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air between the lungs and the environment

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87
Q

respiration

A

the inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

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88
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a gas from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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89
Q

cerebrosphinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

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90
Q

hypoxic drive

A

a “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

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91
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

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92
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

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93
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man

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94
Q

residual volume

A

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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95
Q

dead space

A

any portion of the airway that does contain air but cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

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96
Q

minute volume

A

the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute: calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation

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97
Q

labored breathing

A

the use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement it impaired

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98
Q

circulatory system

A

the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body

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99
Q

systemic circulation

A

the portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

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100
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins

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101
Q

heart

A

a hallow muscular organ that pumps blood into the heart

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102
Q

myocardium

A

the heart muscle

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103
Q

atrium

A

one of the two upper chambers of the heart

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104
Q

ventricle

A

one of the two lower chambers of the heart

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105
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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106
Q

chordae tendineae

A

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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107
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

the number of the heartbeats during a specific time (usually one minute)

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108
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction of the heart (left ventricle)

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109
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

a measure of the volume of blood moved in 1 minute
CO = SV x HR

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110
Q

tunica media

A

the middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

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111
Q

aorta

A

the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

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112
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood

113
Q

arterioles

A

the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

114
Q

pulse

A

the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

115
Q

carotid artery

A

location where felt: at the upper portion of the neck
definition: the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

116
Q

femoral artery

A

location where felt: in the groin
definition: the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs.

117
Q

brachial artery

A

location where felt: on the medial aspect of the arm, midway between the elbow and shoulder
definition: the major vessel in the upper extremities that supples blood to the arm

118
Q

radial artery

A

location where felt: at the wrist at the base of the thumb
definition: the major artery in the forearm

119
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

location where felt: posterior to the medial malleolus
definition: the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

120
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

location where felt: on the top of the foot
definition: the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

121
Q

capillary vessels

A

the tiny vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

122
Q

superior vena cava

A
123
Q

inferior vena cava

A

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

124
Q

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

the resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel. (excluding the pulmonary vessels)
- the higher the SVR, the higher the pressure of blood within the vessel

125
Q

red blood cells

A

cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues; also called erythrocytes

126
Q

hemoglobin

A

an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells

127
Q

white blood cells

A

blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes

128
Q

platelets

A

tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

129
Q

plasma

A

a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports carbon dioxide and waste material to the organs of excretion
- chemicals within the plasma controls pH

130
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

131
Q

systole

A

the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

132
Q

diastole

A

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

133
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

devices used to measure blood pressure; blood pressure cuff

134
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting; left ventricular force
- indicates heart pumping effectiveness
- indicates blood available to the heart

135
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure within the arteries when the heart is at rest
- indicates adequate cardiac relaxation and pressure in the arteries between heartbeats
- indicates amount of blood within blood vessels
- same as afterload

136
Q

pulse pressure

A

relationship between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

137
Q

perfusion

A

the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cells

138
Q

hypoperfusion

A

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock

139
Q

shock

A

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion

140
Q

interstitial space

A

the space between the cells

141
Q

intracellular space

A

space within the cell or cells

142
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure of water against the walls of its container

143
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

144
Q

What is another word for clotting?

A

coagulation

145
Q

epinephrine

A

a substance produced by the body, and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
- also known as adrenaline

146
Q

norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
- noradrenaline

147
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels

148
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

149
Q

adrenergic

A

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

150
Q

nervous system

A

the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

151
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

152
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

153
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

154
Q

automatic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

155
Q

brain

A

the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement

156
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the three subdivisions of the brain (about three-fourths), sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

157
Q

neurons

A

the functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells

158
Q

cerebellum

A

one of the three major subdivisions of the brain; also sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

159
Q

brainstem

A

the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

160
Q

midbrain

A

the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

161
Q

pons

A

definition: an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
general function: respiratory patterning and depth

162
Q

medulla oblongata

A

definition: nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
general function: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate

163
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

164
Q

occipital lobe

A

general function: vision and storage of visual memories

165
Q

parietal lobe

A

general function: sense of touch and texture; storage of those memories

166
Q

temporal lobe

A

general function: hearing, smell, and language; storage of sound and odor memories

167
Q

frontal lobe

A

general function: voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories

168
Q

prefrontal area

A

general function: judgement and predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions

169
Q

limbic system

A

general function: basic emotions, basic reflexes (chewing, swallowing)

170
Q

diencephalon (thalamus)

A

general function: emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control)

171
Q

spinal cord

A

general function: relays information to and from body

172
Q

cranial nerves

A

general function: brainstem to head and neck; special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts

173
Q

peripheral nerves

A

general function: brain to spinal cord to body part; receive stimulus from body, send commands

174
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the fight ot flight response

175
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

176
Q

sensory nerves

A

the nerves that carry sensations such as tough, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system

177
Q

motor nerves

A

nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

178
Q

axons

A

extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron

179
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

180
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

181
Q

scalp

A

the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

182
Q

germinal layer

A

the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

183
Q

stratum corneum

A

the outermost or dead layer of skin

184
Q

dermis

A

the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

185
Q

sweat glands

A

the glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

186
Q

hair follicles

A

the small organs that produce hair

187
Q

sebaceous glands

A

glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

188
Q

mucous membrane

A

the lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment

189
Q

mucus

A

the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

190
Q

digestion

A

the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

191
Q

abdomen

A

the body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

192
Q

cecum

A

the first part of the large interesting, into which the ileum opens

193
Q

appendix

A

a small, tubular, structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

194
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind the abdominal cavity

195
Q

salivary glands

A

the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

196
Q

oropharynx

A

a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

197
Q

esophagus

A

function: moves food from the mouth to the stomach; muscular and vascular structure
definition: a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

198
Q

chyme

A

the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids

199
Q

pancreas

A

definition: a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Function: produces enzymes for protein, carbohydrates, and fat breakdown within the duodenum (exocrine); produces insulin and glucagon (endocrine)

200
Q

liver

A

definition: a large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
function: production of bile; assists with carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism of nutrients within the bloodstream; manufactures proteins for immune regulation and clotting; detoxification of blood; elimination of waste

201
Q

bile ducts

A

the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine

202
Q

gallbladder

A

definition: a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
function: storage of bile

203
Q

small intestine

A

definition: the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejeunum, and ileum
function: major site for chemical breakdown of food; major absorption of water, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins

204
Q

large intestine

A

definition: the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
function: water absorption, formation of feces; bacterial digestion of food

205
Q

rectum

A

definition: the lowermost end of the colon
function: last portion of large intestine; sphincter to control release of feces

206
Q

sphincters

A

muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

207
Q

enzymes

A

substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

208
Q

lymph

A

a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be expected

209
Q

lymph nodes

A

tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

210
Q

endocrine system

A

the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

211
Q

hormones

A

substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism

212
Q

adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

213
Q

urinary system

A

the organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

214
Q

kidneys

A

two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

215
Q

renal pelvis

A

a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

216
Q

ureter

A

a small, hallow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

217
Q

peristalsis

A

the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

218
Q

urinary bladder

A

a sac behind the pubic sumphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

219
Q

urethra

A

the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

220
Q

genital system

A

the reproductive system in men and women

221
Q

prostate gland

A

a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

222
Q

seminal vesicles

A

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

223
Q

testicle

A

a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

224
Q

ovaries

A

the primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus

225
Q

fallopian tubes/uterine tubes

A

the tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum

226
Q

vagina

A

the outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal

227
Q

semen

A

fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

228
Q

metabolism

A

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

229
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

230
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

231
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid

232
Q

lactic acid

A

a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

233
Q

respiratory compromise

A

the inability of the body to move gas effectively

234
Q

hypoxia

A

deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues (not enough oxygen in tissues)

235
Q

hypercapnia

A

an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia

236
Q

ventilation/perfusion ratio

A

a measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs

237
Q

cellular metabolism

A

a set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.

238
Q

What gives the body its recognizable human form?

A

the skeleton. it does this through its collection of bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.

239
Q

what does the skeletal system provide protection for?

A

fragile organs, allows for movement, and gives the body its shape

240
Q

what gives the musculoskeletal system its ability to move?

A

the contraction and relaxation of the musculoskeletal system

241
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing. It includes the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

242
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

243
Q

What complex arrangement is the circulatory system made up of?

A

Connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

244
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

245
Q

What two parts is the skin broken up into? What are they?

A

the superficial epidermis: composed of several layers of cells
the deeper dermis: contains the specialized skin structures

246
Q

what is the largest organ in the body?

A

the skin

247
Q

what does the skin do?

A

it has multiple functions but it is chiefly dedicated to protecting the body and to transmit information from the environment to the brain

248
Q

what is the digestive system that composed of?

A

the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus

249
Q

What makes the digestion of food a complicated chemical process?

A

from the moment it is taken into the mouth until essential compounds are extracted and delivered by the circulatory system to nourish all the cells in the body

250
Q

what is the lymphatic system composed of? What other body systems does it support?

A

the spleen, lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, thymus gland, and other components. It supports the circulatory system and the immune system, and relies on muscle contractions and movements of the body for lymph to flow.

251
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It is a complex message and control system that integrates many body functions

252
Q

what does the urinary system control?

A

the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys

253
Q

what does the genital system control?

A

the reproductive processes by which life is created

254
Q

What solutions are considered alkaline?

A

Solutions that are high in pH (>7.0)

255
Q

what solutions are considered acidic?

A

solutions that are low in pH (<7.0)

256
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

257
Q

What is respiratory compromise?

A

It is the inability of the body to move gas effectively. Respiratory compromise results when either ventilation or respiration is impaired.

258
Q

What is shock?

A

It is a condition in which organs and tissue receive an inadequate flow of blood and oxygen, or perfusion. Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia, which in turns leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ dysfunction.

259
Q

What does impairment of cellular metabolism result in?

A

The inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level. When irreversible cellular injury occurs, no treatment will help. Therefore, when perfusion is ineffective, it needs to be restored quickly

260
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

It is a membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs

261
Q

where do the kidneys lie?

A

in the retroperitoneal space. it is the space behind the abdominal cavity.

262
Q

Where is the spleen, liver, and stomach located?

A

Within the anterior (true) abdomen.

263
Q

what is the cartilaginous tip of the sternum?

A

the xiphoid process. it projects the lower part of the sternum

264
Q

a person with bilateral femur fractures has:

A

fractured both of his or her femurs

265
Q

the most prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the:

A

thyroid cartilage (adams apple)

266
Q

where is the cricoid cartilage?

A

it is located directly inferior to the thyroid cartilage, it is a less prominent landmark

267
Q

insulin is produced in the:

A

pancreas

268
Q

what connects muscles to bones?

A

tendons

269
Q

what connects bone to bone?

A

ligaments

270
Q

what is the normal resting adult heart rate?

A

60-100 beats/min

271
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

when the adult heart rate is less than 60 beats/min

272
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

when the adult heart rate is greater than 100 beats/min

273
Q

the left atrium of the heart receives ______ blood from the ______

A

oxygenated; lungs
the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the venae cavae

274
Q

the largest part of the brain is the:

A

the cerebrum and is also called the “gray matter”

275
Q

what is the smallest part of the brain?

A

the cerebellum and is sometimes called the “athlete’s brain”

276
Q

what is the brainstem responsible for?

A

vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

277
Q

where does the spinal cord pass through?

A

the foramen magnum which is the large opening at the base of the skull

278
Q

True or false: The hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells contain iron, give color to the blood, and carry oxygen.

A

True

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