The Human Body Flashcards
Chapter 6
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of the physical structure of the body and its components
2
Q
Physiology
A
the study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts
3
Q
Pathophysiology
A
the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
4
Q
Umbilicus (Navel)
A
belly button
5
Q
Topographic Anatomy
A
the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
6
Q
Anatomic Position
A
the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
7
Q
Coronal (frontal) plane
A
Description: Front and Back
definition: an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
8
Q
Sagittal (lateral) plane
A
Definition: an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Description: Left and Right
9
Q
Midsagittal (midline) plane
A
an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the navel to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Description: Left and right (equal halves)
10
Q
Transverse (axial) plane
A
definition: an imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Description: Top and Bottom
11
Q
Skeletal System
A
the framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
12
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
13
Q
Coccyx
A
the last three or four vertebrae of the spine (the tail bone)
14
Q
Thoracic Cage
A
the chest or rib cage
15
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
16
Q
Joint
A
the place where two bones come into contact, aka an articulation
17
Q
Ligaments
A
Function: Connects bone to bone
definition: brands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones, they help strengthen a joint
18
Q
Cartilage
A
Function: Cushion between bones
definition: the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones
19
Q
Tendons
A
Function: Connects muscle to bone
definition: the fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
20
Q
Symphyses
A
joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
21
Q
Joint Capsule
A
the fibrous sac that encloses a joint
22
Q
Sacroiliac Joint
A
the connection between the pelvis and the vertebral column
23
Q
Articular Cartilage
A
a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
24
Q
Synovial Membrane
A
the lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
25
Synovial Fluid
the small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
26
Ball-and-socket joint
a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
27
Hinge Joints
joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate, they restrict motion to one plane
28
Flexion
Bending of a joint
29
Extension
Straightening of a joint
30
Cranium
the part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
31
Frontal Bones
the bones of the cranium that form the forehead
32
temporal bones
the lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
33
parietal bones
the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
34
occipital bone
the posterior bone of the cranium
35
maxillae
upper jawbones
36
mandible
lower jawbone that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
37
zygomas
cheek bones
38
orbit
eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
39
vertebral column
aka spinal column, formed by 33 vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral disks. it houses and protects the spinal cord
40
vertebrae
bones in the vertebral column; there are 33
41
cervical spine
the portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae (C1-C7) that lie in the neck
42
thoracic spine
the 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae (T1-T12)
43
lumbar spine
the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine (L1-L5)
44
sacrum
one of three (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)
45
coccyx
the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
46
intervertebral disks
tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae
47
thorax
the chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
48
sternum
the breast bone (there are 3 parts)
49
manubrium
the uppermost section of the sternum
50
xiphoid process
the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
51
pectoral girdle
the supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle
52
clavicle
collar bone, it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
53
scapula
shoulder blade
54
humerus
the supporting single bone of the upper arm
55
femur
thighbone, the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
56
femoral head
the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
57
greater trochanter
a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
58
lesser trochanter
the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
59
patella
kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
60
tibia
shinbone; the larger of the two bones in the lower leg
61
fibula
the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side
62
malleolus
a rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone
63
tarsals
the group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsals bones of the foot
64
metatarsals
bones of the foot, situated between the carpals and phalanges
65
calcaneus
heel bone
66
talus
articulates to the ends of the tibia and fibula to form the ankle
67
skeletal muscle
muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
68
voluntary muscle
muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated muscle
69
involuntary muscle
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control.
70
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
71
cardiac muscle
the heart muscle
72
musculoskeletal system
the bones and voluntary muscles of the body
73
biceps
- anterior, humerus
definition: the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
74
triceps
the muscle in the back of the upper arm
75
respiratory system
all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
76
nasopharynx
the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
77
trachea
the windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
78
epiglottis
a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
79
thyroid cartilage
adam's apple; a firm prominence (elevation) of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx
80
cricoid cartilage
a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
81
cricothyroid membrane
a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
82
alveoli
the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
83
pleura
the serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
84
pleural space
the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura; described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
85
diaphram
a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muslcles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
86
ventilation
the movement of air between the lungs and the environment
87
respiration
the inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
88
diffusion
movement of a gas from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
89
cerebrosphinal fluid (CSF)
fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
90
hypoxic drive
a "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
91
tidal volume
the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
92
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
93
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man
94
residual volume
the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
95
dead space
any portion of the airway that does contain air but cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
96
minute volume
the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute: calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
97
labored breathing
the use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement it impaired
98
circulatory system
the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and cellular waste throughout the body
99
systemic circulation
the portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
100
pulmonary circulation
the flow from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins
101
heart
a hallow muscular organ that pumps blood into the heart
102
myocardium
the heart muscle
103
atrium
one of the two upper chambers of the heart
104
ventricle
one of the two lower chambers of the heart
105
pulmonary veins
the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
106
chordae tendineae
thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
107
heart rate (HR)
the number of the heartbeats during a specific time (usually one minute)
108
stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction of the heart (left ventricle)
109
cardiac output (CO)
a measure of the volume of blood moved in 1 minute
CO = SV x HR
110
tunica media
the middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
111
aorta
the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
112
pulmonary artery
the major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood
113
arterioles
the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
114
pulse
the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
115
carotid artery
location where felt: at the upper portion of the neck
definition: the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
116
femoral artery
location where felt: in the groin
definition: the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs.
117
brachial artery
location where felt: on the medial aspect of the arm, midway between the elbow and shoulder
definition: the major vessel in the upper extremities that supples blood to the arm
118
radial artery
location where felt: at the wrist at the base of the thumb
definition: the major artery in the forearm
119
posterior tibial artery
location where felt: posterior to the medial malleolus
definition: the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
120
dorsalis pedis artery
location where felt: on the top of the foot
definition: the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
121
capillary vessels
the tiny vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
122
superior vena cava
123
inferior vena cava
one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
124
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel. (excluding the pulmonary vessels)
- the higher the SVR, the higher the pressure of blood within the vessel
125
red blood cells
cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues; also called erythrocytes
126
hemoglobin
an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells
127
white blood cells
blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
128
platelets
tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
129
plasma
a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports carbon dioxide and waste material to the organs of excretion
- chemicals within the plasma controls pH
130
blood pressure (BP)
the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
131
systole
the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
132
diastole
the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
133
sphygmomanometer
devices used to measure blood pressure; blood pressure cuff
134
systolic blood pressure
pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting; left ventricular force
- indicates heart pumping effectiveness
- indicates blood available to the heart
135
diastolic blood pressure
pressure within the arteries when the heart is at rest
- indicates adequate cardiac relaxation and pressure in the arteries between heartbeats
- indicates amount of blood within blood vessels
- same as afterload
136
pulse pressure
relationship between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
137
perfusion
the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cells
138
hypoperfusion
a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock
139
shock
a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
140
interstitial space
the space between the cells
141
intracellular space
space within the cell or cells
142
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure of water against the walls of its container
143
oncotic pressure
the pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
144
What is another word for clotting?
coagulation
145
epinephrine
a substance produced by the body, and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction
- also known as adrenaline
146
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
- noradrenaline
147
alpha-adrenergic receptors
portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
148
beta-adrenergic receptors
portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
149
adrenergic
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
150
nervous system
the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
151
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord
152
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
153
somatic nervous system
the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
154
automatic nervous system
the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
155
brain
the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement
156
cerebrum
largest portion of the three subdivisions of the brain (about three-fourths), sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
157
neurons
the functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells
158
cerebellum
one of the three major subdivisions of the brain; also sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
159
brainstem
the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
160
midbrain
the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
161
pons
definition: an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
general function: respiratory patterning and depth
162
medulla oblongata
definition: nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
general function: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
163
reticular activating system (RAS)
located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one's level of arousal
164
occipital lobe
general function: vision and storage of visual memories
165
parietal lobe
general function: sense of touch and texture; storage of those memories
166
temporal lobe
general function: hearing, smell, and language; storage of sound and odor memories
167
frontal lobe
general function: voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories
168
prefrontal area
general function: judgement and predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions
169
limbic system
general function: basic emotions, basic reflexes (chewing, swallowing)
170
diencephalon (thalamus)
general function: emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control)
171
spinal cord
general function: relays information to and from body
172
cranial nerves
general function: brainstem to head and neck; special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts
173
peripheral nerves
general function: brain to spinal cord to body part; receive stimulus from body, send commands
174
sympathetic nervous system
the adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the fight ot flight response
175
parasympathetic nervous system
a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
176
sensory nerves
the nerves that carry sensations such as tough, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system
177
motor nerves
nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
178
axons
extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron
179
subcutaneous tissue
tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
180
epidermis
the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
181
scalp
the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
182
germinal layer
the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
183
stratum corneum
the outermost or dead layer of skin
184
dermis
the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
185
sweat glands
the glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
186
hair follicles
the small organs that produce hair
187
sebaceous glands
glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
188
mucous membrane
the lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment
189
mucus
the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
190
digestion
the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
191
abdomen
the body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
192
cecum
the first part of the large interesting, into which the ileum opens
193
appendix
a small, tubular, structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
194
retroperitoneal
behind the abdominal cavity
195
salivary glands
the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
196
oropharynx
a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
197
esophagus
function: moves food from the mouth to the stomach; muscular and vascular structure
definition: a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
198
chyme
the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids
199
pancreas
definition: a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Function: produces enzymes for protein, carbohydrates, and fat breakdown within the duodenum (exocrine); produces insulin and glucagon (endocrine)
200
liver
definition: a large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
function: production of bile; assists with carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism of nutrients within the bloodstream; manufactures proteins for immune regulation and clotting; detoxification of blood; elimination of waste
201
bile ducts
the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
202
gallbladder
definition: a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
function: storage of bile
203
small intestine
definition: the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejeunum, and ileum
function: major site for chemical breakdown of food; major absorption of water, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins
204
large intestine
definition: the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
function: water absorption, formation of feces; bacterial digestion of food
205
rectum
definition: the lowermost end of the colon
function: last portion of large intestine; sphincter to control release of feces
206
sphincters
muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
207
enzymes
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
208
lymph
a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be expected
209
lymph nodes
tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
210
endocrine system
the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
211
hormones
substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism
212
adrenal glands
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
213
urinary system
the organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
214
kidneys
two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
215
renal pelvis
a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
216
ureter
a small, hallow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
217
peristalsis
the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
218
urinary bladder
a sac behind the pubic sumphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
219
urethra
the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
220
genital system
the reproductive system in men and women
221
prostate gland
a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
222
seminal vesicles
storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
223
testicle
a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
224
ovaries
the primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
225
fallopian tubes/uterine tubes
the tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
226
vagina
the outermost cavity of a woman's reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal
227
semen
fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
228
metabolism
the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
229
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
230
aerobic metabolism
metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
231
anaerobic metabolism
metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid
232
lactic acid
a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
233
respiratory compromise
the inability of the body to move gas effectively
234
hypoxia
deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues (not enough oxygen in tissues)
235
hypercapnia
an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia
236
ventilation/perfusion ratio
a measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
237
cellular metabolism
a set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
238
What gives the body its recognizable human form?
the skeleton. it does this through its collection of bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
239
what does the skeletal system provide protection for?
fragile organs, allows for movement, and gives the body its shape
240
what gives the musculoskeletal system its ability to move?
the contraction and relaxation of the musculoskeletal system
241
What does the respiratory system consist of?
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing. It includes the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
242
what is the function of the respiratory system?
To provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
243
What complex arrangement is the circulatory system made up of?
Connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
244
What does the nervous system consist of?
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
245
What two parts is the skin broken up into? What are they?
the superficial epidermis: composed of several layers of cells
the deeper dermis: contains the specialized skin structures
246
what is the largest organ in the body?
the skin
247
what does the skin do?
it has multiple functions but it is chiefly dedicated to protecting the body and to transmit information from the environment to the brain
248
what is the digestive system that composed of?
the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus
249
What makes the digestion of food a complicated chemical process?
from the moment it is taken into the mouth until essential compounds are extracted and delivered by the circulatory system to nourish all the cells in the body
250
what is the lymphatic system composed of? What other body systems does it support?
the spleen, lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, thymus gland, and other components. It supports the circulatory system and the immune system, and relies on muscle contractions and movements of the body for lymph to flow.
251
What does the endocrine system do?
It is a complex message and control system that integrates many body functions
252
what does the urinary system control?
the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys
253
what does the genital system control?
the reproductive processes by which life is created
254
What solutions are considered alkaline?
Solutions that are high in pH (>7.0)
255
what solutions are considered acidic?
solutions that are low in pH (<7.0)
256
what is pathophysiology?
the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
257
What is respiratory compromise?
It is the inability of the body to move gas effectively. Respiratory compromise results when either ventilation or respiration is impaired.
258
What is shock?
It is a condition in which organs and tissue receive an inadequate flow of blood and oxygen, or perfusion. Impaired oxygen delivery causes cellular hypoxia, which in turns leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ dysfunction.
259
What does impairment of cellular metabolism result in?
The inability to properly use oxygen and glucose at the cellular level. When irreversible cellular injury occurs, no treatment will help. Therefore, when perfusion is ineffective, it needs to be restored quickly
260
what is the peritoneum?
It is a membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines your abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs
261
where do the kidneys lie?
in the retroperitoneal space. it is the space behind the abdominal cavity.
262
Where is the spleen, liver, and stomach located?
Within the anterior (true) abdomen.
263
what is the cartilaginous tip of the sternum?
the xiphoid process. it projects the lower part of the sternum
264
a person with bilateral femur fractures has:
fractured both of his or her femurs
265
the most prominent landmark on the anterior surface of the neck is the:
thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
266
where is the cricoid cartilage?
it is located directly inferior to the thyroid cartilage, it is a less prominent landmark
267
insulin is produced in the:
pancreas
268
what connects muscles to bones?
tendons
269
what connects bone to bone?
ligaments
270
what is the normal resting adult heart rate?
60-100 beats/min
271
what is bradycardia?
when the adult heart rate is less than 60 beats/min
272
what is tachycardia?
when the adult heart rate is greater than 100 beats/min
273
the left atrium of the heart receives ______ blood from the ______
oxygenated; lungs
the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the venae cavae
274
the largest part of the brain is the:
the cerebrum and is also called the "gray matter"
275
what is the smallest part of the brain?
the cerebellum and is sometimes called the "athlete's brain"
276
what is the brainstem responsible for?
vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
277
where does the spinal cord pass through?
the foramen magnum which is the large opening at the base of the skull
278
True or false: The hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells contain iron, give color to the blood, and carry oxygen.
True
