The human body

Question 1

Soma, somatos (body) - 7

Answer 1

• psychosomatic - a physical illness that results at least in part from mental causes
• somatic - relating to, or affecting the body
• somatization - conversion of emotional states into physical symptoms
• chromosome - tiny, threadlike structures inside most cells of every organism
• trisomie (trisomy) - a genetic condition where there is an extra copy of a chromosome
• somatomegaly (“gigantism”) - a condition characterized by excessive height growth
• somasthenia - a condition of chronic physical weakness and fatigability

Question 2

Kephale (head); Enkephalon (that within the head, the brain) - 10

Answer 2

• acephalous – headless, lacking a distinct head
• acephaly - the congenital lack of a head
• dicephalous – having two heads, two-headed
• diencephalon - a division of the forebrain
• cephalalgia – pain in the head
• cephalopod - any member of the class Cephalopoda, it means “head foot” in Greek, a reference to the way the cephalopod’s head connects to its many arms
• cephalic – relating to the head
• encephalogram - a test that measures electrical activity in the brain
• anencephaly - occurs when significant portions of the brain and skull are missing
• electroencephalogram - a recording of brain activity

Question 3

Thalamos (inner room, chamber, marriage) (anterior portion of the brain stem) - 3

Answer 3

• thalamus - walnut-sized structure located in the forebrain
• hypothalamus - small area in the center of the brain
• epithalamium - a song or poem in honor of a bride and bridegroom

Question 4

Ophthalmos, ops, opos (eye); Opsis (sight); optos (visible) - 10

Answer 4

• ophthalmia – inflammation of the eyeball
• endophthalmitis - an inflammation of the inner coats of the eye
• enophthalmos - a sinking of the eyeball into the orbital cavity
• ophthalmoscope - a tool used in medicine to examine the interior of the eye
• ophthalmotropometer - an instrument for measuring ocular movements
• xerophthalmia - ocular disease caused by severe Vitamin A deficiency
• buphthalmos - congenital condition characterized by the enlargement of one or both eyes
• optic(s) - the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light
• optician - someone whose job involves testing people’s eyesight and making and selling glasses and contact lenses
• amblyopia - weakening of the eyesight

Question 5

Rhis, rhinos (nose) - 8

Answer 5

• rhinitis - inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose
• rhinal - relating to the nose, nasal
• rhinology - the study of the nose and diseases of the nose
• rhinorrhea - a mucous discharge from the nose
• rhinoscopy – the examination of the nose
• rhinoplasty - surgery to change the shape of your nose by modifying the bone or cartilage
• rhinotheca - the covering of the upper part of the beak in birds
• rhinoceros - large, heavy animals with thick gray or brown skin, short legs, and one or two horns on their nose

Question 6

Stoma, stomatos (mouth) (an outlet, opening) - 6

Answer 6

• stomach - a muscular organ that digests food
• stomatitis - a sore or inflammation inside of the mouth
• gastroenterostomy - surgical formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and the small intestine
• gastrostomy - a method of inserting a tube transabdominally into the stomach to provide nutrition, decompress, and/or administer medication
• macrostomia - congenital deformity
• xerostomia - abnormal dryness of the mouth

Question 7

Odous, odontos (tooth) - 8

Answer 7

• odontalgia - toothache
• anodontia - complete absence of teeth
• cacodontia - the condition of having diseased or malformed teeth
• endodontics – root canal treatment
• orthodontia - treatment for the correction of irregularly aligned teeth
• periodontal - inflammation and infection of your gums and the bone that supports your teeth
• pedodontics - pediatric dentistry
• glyptodon - a large, armored mammal that resembled and was a relative of the armadillos

Question 8

Glossa, glotta (tongue) - 10

Answer 8

• aglossia - congenital absence of the whole tongue
• gloss - interpretations, explanations or translations
• glossator - a person who writes glosses, glossarist
• glossography - the art of writing textual glosses or commentaries
• glossary - a special section that provides definitions for complicated words
• glossalgia - pain localized in the tongue
• monoglot - someone who can only speak or understand one language
• diglot – bilingual, the ability to communicate in two languages
• polyglot - a person who speaks or understands many languages
• isogloss - an imaginary geographical line that separates two linguistic features

Question 9

Larynx, larynges (the organ of voice at the upper part of the trachea) - 5

Answer 9

• endolaryngeal – situated within the larynx
• laryngitis – inflammation of the voice obx (larynx)
• laryngotracheitis - a viral respiratory tract infection of chicken
• laryngeal – relating to the larynx
• otorhinolaryngology - medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat

Question 10

Amygdale (almond) (tonsil) - 3

Answer 10

• amygdala - the part of the brain that’s most closely associated with fear, emotions, and motivation
• amygdalectomy - the surgical removal or destruction of the amygdala, or parts of the amygdala
• amygdalopathy - any disease of a tonsil

Question 11

Ous, oto (ear) - 8

Answer 11

• anotia - absence of the external ear
• macrotia - congenital deformity that makes the ear grow vertically
• otalgia – ear pain
• otitis media - inflammation or infection located in the middle ear
• otolith - a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear
• otorhinolaryngology - medical specialty that involves the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic medical disorders of the head and neck
• otorrhea - indicates inflammation of the external or middle ear or both
• parotid - gland situated near the ear

Question 12

Tympanon (a drum) (ear-drum) - 4

Answer 12

• tympanum - the cavity of the middle ear
• tympanitis - inflammation of the eardrum
• tympanosclerosis - scarring of the eardrum following trauma, infection, or surgery
• tympanostomy - surgery to place ear tubes

Question 13

Labyrinthos (a maze or system of intercommunicating passages) (the internal ear) - 3

Answer 13

• labyrinth - a structure with many connected paths or passages in which it is hard to find your way
• labyrinthitis - inflammation of the labyrinth - part of the inner ear
• labyrinthectomy - a surgery to remove the labyrinth in the ear

Question 14

Kardia (heart) - 9

Answer 14

• cardiac – anything related to the heart
• cardiology – the study of the heart
• electrocardiogram - quick test to check the heartbeat
• endocardium - the innermost layer of the heart
• epicardium - the outermost protective layer of the heart
• hydropericardium - water in pericardium
• myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle
• pericardiostomy – invasive procedure
• pericardium - a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and helps it function properly

Question 15

Hepar, hepatos (liver) - 5

Answer 15

• hepatitis - inflammation of the liver
• heparin - substance found in the liver, lungs and other tissues
• hepatoduodenal – ligament which extends between the liver and the first portion of the duodenum
• hepatomegaly - an enlarged liver, which means it’s swollen beyond its usual size
• hepatopathy - an abnormal or diseased state of the liver

Question 16

Chole (bile, gall) (bitter anger) - 9

Answer 16

• cholagogue - a substance or agent that stimulates the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine
• cholitis (colitis) - inflammation in the colon
• cholera - bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water
• choleric - easily moved to often unreasonable or excessive anger, hot-tempered
• cholecystitis - inflammation of the gallbladder
• cholesterol - a type of fat found in your blood
• cholic - one of the two major bile acids produced by the liver
• hypercholesterolemia - high levels of cholesterol in the blood
• melancholia - describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complaints, and sometimes hallucinations and delusions; black bile in Greek

Question 17

Pneumon (lung) - 7

Answer 17

• pneumococcus - a bacterium that causes an acute pneumonia
• pneumonic – related to the lungs
• pneumonia - an infection of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
• pneuma - development or presence of air-filled cavities in bones
• pneumatos - the presence of air or vapor
• apnea - a common condition in which your breathing stops and restarts many times while you sleep
• pneumatology - the study of spiritual beings or phenomena

Question 18

Gaster, gastros (belly, stomach) (the bulging fleshy part of a muscle) - 9

Answer 18

• gastric - pertaining to the stomach
• gastrectomy - a medical procedure where all or part of the stomach is surgically removed
• gastritis - inflammation of the lining of the stomach
• gastroenterologist - a specialist in gastrointestinal diseases
• gastro-enteritis - a short-term illness triggered by the infection and inflammation of the digestive system
• gastrointestinal – relating to both stomach and intestine
• digastric - small paired muscle located in the anterior compartment of the neck
• epigastrium - region of the abdomen from the breasts to the navel
• hypogastric - the region below the navel

Question 19

Enteron (that within, the intestine) - 9

Answer 19

• antidysenteric – a medicine for dysentery
• archenteron - refers to the digestive cavity during the early stages of human development
• dysentery - gastrointestinal disease
• enteritis - inflammation of the small intestine
• enterocele - a hernia containing a portion of the intestines
• enterogenous - originating within the intestine
• enteroptosis - an abnormal descent of the intestines into the abdominal cavity
• enterovirus – a very common type of virus
• exenteration - an operation (surgery) to remove multiple organs in the pelvis

Question 20

Nephros (kidney) - 5

Answer 20

• nephrotoxic - rapid deterioration in the kidney function due to toxic effect of medications and chemicals
• nephritis - a condition in which the kidneys become inflamed
• nephrology - the internal medicine specialty that focuses on the health and medical conditions of the kidneys only
• nephrolithiasis - hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys
• nephrectomy - surgery to remove an entire kidney

Question 21

Derma, dermatos (that stripped off) (skin, hide) - 9

Answer 21

• dermatitis - a common condition that causes swelling and irritation of the skin
• dermatology - medical discipline that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the skin, hair, and nails
• dermatopsy - sensitiveness of the skin to light
• dermatosis – a disease of the skin
• dermatosome - area of skin that connects to a specific nerve root on your spine
• epidermis - the top layer of skin in your body
• xeroderma – the medical term for dry skin
• hypodermic - a syringe, or needle, that pierces beneath the skin
• intradermal - within or into the dermis

Question 22

Sarc-, sarco- (flesh) - 3

Answer 22

• sarcoma - fleshy excrescence
• sarcasm - a satirical remark or expression
• sarcophagus - type of stone used by the ancients for making coffins

Question 23

Gala, galaktos (milk) - 7

Answer 23

• agalactia - absence or failure of secretion of milk
• galactagogue - a food, herb or medication that may help to increase breastmilk supply
• galaxy (Via lactea: Milky Way) - a group of stars, clouds of gas, and dust particles that move together through the universe
• galactic – related to a galaxy
• galactopoietic - the maintenance of lactation once lactation has been established
• galactorrhea - milky discharge unrelated to milk production in breastfeeding
• galactose - part of the lactose, similar molecule as glucose

Question 24

Haima, haimatos (blood) - 10

Answer 24

• anemia - a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells
• antianemic - intended to treat or prevent anemia
• encephalitis - inflammation of the brain
• hemangioma - benign growth made of extra blood vessels in the skin
• hematocrit - the percentage of red blood cells in your blood
• hematology - the study of blood, blood components, and blood disorders
• hematoma - a pool of mostly clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space
• hematopoietic - the formation of blood cellular components
• hemoglobin - a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells
• hemolysis - premature destruction of red blood cells

Question 25

Cheir, cheiros (hand) - 4

Answer 25

• chiromancy – palm reading
• chiropodist - a doctor who specializes in feet
• chiropractic - a system of healthcare focused on restoring, preserving, and optimizing health by natural hands-on care
• chiropractor - healthcare professional who focuses on your body’s capability to heal itself

Question 26

Daktylos (finger, toe) - 5

Answer 26

• dactyl - a unit of poetry consisting of three syllables
• dactylic - dactylic poetry is a poetic meter which is built on the structure of three syllables per line
• dactylography - the study of fingerprints for purposes of identification
• polydactylism - a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers
• pterodactyl - flying reptile of prehistoric times

Question 27

Arthron (joint, juncture of bones) (sound in speech) - 5

Answer 27

• arthralgia – pain in a joint
• arthropod - an animal with no internal spine
• arthroscopy - surgical procedure for joint problems that involves insertion of a narrow tube in the joint
• arthritis - the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints
• osteoarthritis - a degenerative joint disease, in which the tissues in the joint break down over time

Question 28

Arteria (windpipe) (vessel) (artery) - 3

Answer 28

• arterial - involving or relating to your arteries and the movement of blood through your body
• artery - elastic, muscular tube
• arteriosclerosis - type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain genetic influences

Question 29

Gloutos (buttock) - 2

Answer 29

• gluteal - relating to the gluteus muscles
• gluteus - gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles

Question 30

Hystera (womb, uterus) - 4

Answer 30

• hysterectomy - surgery to remove the uterus
• hysteria - the nervous disease originally defined as a neurotic condition peculiar to women and thought to be caused by a dysfunction of the uterus
• hysteric - a state of uncontrolled excitement, anger, or panic
• hysterotomy - surgical incision of the uterus

Question 31

Lympha (a body containing white cells, lymph) - 6

Answer 31

• lymph - the lymphatic system is part of the immune system
• lymphadenopathy - a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency
• lymphedema - condition that causes swelling in the body’s tissues
• lymphatic – relating to lymph, lymphoid tissue, or lymphocytes
• lymphocyte - a type of white blood cell
• lymphoma - a type of blood cancer that affects the immune system

Question 32

Thorax, thorakos (breastplate) (chest) - 3

Answer 32

• thorax - the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen
• suprathoracic - situated above the thorax
• thoracic – located within or involving the thorax

Question 33

Mastos, mazos (breast) - 5

Answer 33

• amastia - absence of the mammary glands
• gynecomastia - condition of a man having breasts like a woman’s
• mastectomy - removing the entire breast
• mastitis - an inflammation of breast tissue that sometimes involves an infection
• mastoid - breast-shaped, resembling a (female) breast

Question 34

Mys, myos (mouse) (muscle) - 6

Answer 34

• myalgia - a painful sensation evolving from muscle tissue
• fibromyalgia - people with the disorder have an increased sensitivity to pain
• myasthenia - affects how your nerves communicate with your muscles
• myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle
• myocardium - the large, middle part of the heart muscle
• myology - the study of the muscular system

Question 35

Neuron (sinew, tendon) (nerve) - 7

Answer 35

• neuralgia - a stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to a nerve that’s irritated or damaged
• neurasthenia - weakness of the physical nerves
• neurosis - a disorder involving obsessive thoughts or anxiety
• neurotomy - the surgical cutting of a nerve, especially to relieve intractable pain
• neurology - the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system
• neurologist - medical doctor who diagnoses, treats and manages disorders of the brain and nervous system
• neuropathy - a term that describes a broad range of nerve disorders

Question 36

Omphalos (the navel) - 4

Answer 36

• omphalic - anatomy of or relating to the navel
• omphalos - the sacred stone at Delphi
• omphalotomy - cutting of the umbilical cord
• omphaloskepsis - contemplation of one’s navel as an aid to meditation, navel gazing

Question 37

Phreno- (mind, diaphragm) - 4

Answer 37

• frenetic - involving a lot of movement or activity
• schizophrenia - a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
• diaphragm - the major muscle of respiration
• frenology - the theory that the mental powers of the individual consist of independent faculties, each of which has its seat in a different brain region

Question 38

Osteon (bone) - 6

Answer 38

• osteoporosis - a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases
• osteosclerotic - an abnormal hardening of bone tissue
• osteitis – inflammation of bone
• osteology - the anatomical study of the skeletal system, or bones
• osteopathy - osteopathy uses a drug-free, non-invasive form of manual medicine that focuses on the health of the whole body, not just the injured or affected part
• ostracism - a method of temporary banishment by popular vote without trial or special accusation practiced in ancient Greece

Question 39

Myelo- (marrow, spinal cord) - 2

Answer 39

• poliomyelitis - inflammation of the grey matter in the spinal cord
• myelin - an essential substance that keeps your nerves functioning

Question 40

Pous, podos (foot) (stalk) - 11

Answer 40

• antipodes - the parts of the earth diametrically opposite
• chiropodist - a doctor who specializes in feet
• gastropod - any mollusk of the class Gastropoda, comprising the snails, whelks, slugs, etc.
• podagra – in Greek – foot trap, a painful condition of the big toe caused by gout
• podiatry - medical specialists who help with problems that affect your feet or lower legs
• polypus/ polyp - a growth on or in an organ in your body
• pseudopod - a temporary growth on a cell
• podium - a small platform on which someone stands in order to give a lecture or conduct an orchestra
• octopus - a mollusc with eight limbs that lives in the ocean
• tripod - a stand with three legs that is used to support something such as a camera or a telescope
• tetrapod - vertebrates that have four limbs

Question 41

Skeletos (dried, driedbody, skeleton) - 5

Answer 41

• skeleton – the body’s support structure
• skeletal – relating to a skeleton
• endoskeleton - an internal skeletal system made of bones
• episkeletal - above or outside the endoskeleton
• exoskeleton - a skeleton located outside of the body