The Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
a field of study that focuses on the physical of the body and its systems.
Physiology
examines the normal of these biologic components.
pathophysiology
is the study of functional changes that accompany a particular disease or syndrome.
topographic anatomy
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
anatomic position
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
Coronal plane
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
sagittal (lateral) plane
n imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts.
transverse (axial) plane
divides the body into a top and bottom portion.
Skeletal system
Providing structural support to bear the body’s weight,Establishing a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs,Protecting vital organs,Producing red blood cells (the red marrow within the internal cavities of many bones produces red blood cells)
axial skeleton
forms the longitudinal axis of the body, from the skull to the tailbone, or coccyx.
coccyx
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
Thoracic cage
the chest or rib cage
appendicular skeleton
comprises the upper and lower extremities and the points by which they connect with the axial skeleton.
Join
where two bones meet.
ligaments
the fibrous tissues that connect bone to bone, helping to stabilize these joints.
Cartilage
semi-rigid yet flexible tissue that covers and cushions the ends of articulating bones.
tendons
attach bone to muscle.
symphyses
slight motion is possible.
Joint capsule
slight motion is possible.
articular cartilage
slight motion is possible.
synovial membrane
responsible for making synovial fluid, which enables the ends of the bones to glide over each other.
synovial fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.
ball and socket joint
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.
hinge joint
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
flexion
The bending of a joint.
extension
The straightening of a joint.
cranium
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
maxillae,mandible,zygomas
maxillae- upper jawbones
mandible- lower jawbone
zygomas- cheek bones
orbit
a cavity formed by the joining of multiple facial bones.
Vertebral column
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
vertebrae
The bones of the vertebral column.
cervical spine
The first seven vertebrae (C1 through C7) in the neck
thoracic spine
The next 12 vertebrae after cervicle spine
Lumbar spine
The next five vertebrae after thoracic
sacrum
he five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form one bone called the sacrum.
intervertebral disks
allow motion so the trunk can bend forward and back, and they allow for rotation and lateral movement.
thorax
is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) and their 12 pairs of ribs.
sternum
the breastbone
manubrium
upper quarter of the sternum
xiphoid process
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.
pectoral girdle
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicles and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle.
clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
scapula
the shoulder blade
radius and ulna
Radius: the lateral, or thumb, side
Ulna:he medial, or little finger, side
carpals
eight bones that form the wrist
metacarpals
form the palm of the hand
phalanges
fingers
pelvic girdle
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton.
Coxae
The hip bones
ilium, ischium, and pubis
ilium: One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
ischium: One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
pubis: One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.
pubic symphysis
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.
Tarsals, metatarsals
Tarsals: The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones (i.e., tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot.
Metatarsals:Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges.
calcaneus
the heel bone
Skeletal muscle (Voluntary muscle)
attaches to the bones of the skeleton and forms the major muscle mass of the body.
Smooth muscle
is found within blood vessels and the intestines.
Cardiac muscle
the heart muscle
involuntary muscle
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
musculoskeletal system
provides a synergistic relationship between bone and muscle.
biceps
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.
Triceps
The muscle in the back of the upper arm.
Respiratory system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.
Nasopharynx
Upper section of the pharynx that connects with the nasal cavity above the soft palate
Oropharynx
Section of the pharynx at the back of the throat, from the soft palate to the U-shaped hyoid bone near the base of the tongue
trachea
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.
epiglottis
covers the larynx during swallowing and then lifts open to allow for air passage during breathing.
thyroid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
circothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
Alveoli
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
