The History of Psychological Testing Flashcards
What is the first test with psychological measurement?
Years?
Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China
2200 BC - 1370
What was the rudimentary forms of testing in China?
The Chinese emperor’s examination of his officials every 3rd year to determine their fitness for office.
What topics did rudimentary forms of testing in China examine?
- Geography
- Agriculture
- Revenue
- Civil Law
- Military Affairs
What made the rudimentary forms of testing in China take its final form?
Emphasization on proficiency in the Confucian classics.
What are the steps of rudimentary forms of testing in China?
- Preliminary Examination: A day and a night (1-7%).
- District Examination: 3 days and 3 nights (1-7%).
- Final Round: Privilege of going to Peking and become an eligible for public office (1-3%).
What is physiognomy?
Who came up with it?
- Inner character can be judged from the appearance as it affects the outlook.
- “Changes in a person’s soul could impact the appearance of the body.”
Aristotle
What did J. Lavater wrote and what did it include?
- “Essays on Physiognomy”
- Hundreds of meticulous drawings depicting his principles of physiognomy by which character could be judged from details of facial appearance.
What is “phrenology”?
Who came up with it?
To extent that a specific faculty was well developed, the corresponding component of the brain would be enlarged.
F. J. Gall
Who is the author of “Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General and the Brain in Particular”?
What field of approach did it talk about?
F. J. Gall
Phrenology
What is the first device to measure psychological properties and who came up with it?
What field of approach was it made upon?
- Psychograph
- Henry C. Lavery
Phrenology
What are the 2 categories psychograph takes place in as the “1st”?
- First device to measure psychological properties.
- One of the first automated personality descriptions.
Who are the psychiatric antecedents of psychological testing?
- Hubert von Grashey
- Konrad Rieger
What was one of the first memory measurement in the history, on whom were they tested on, what properties did it show?
Who made it
- Memory Drum (1885)
- Brain-injured patients
- Symbols - Words - Pictures
Hubert von Grashey
Who made the first test battery, for whom was it?
- Konrad Rieger
- Brain-injured Patients
“Standardized procedures could help reveal the nature and extent of symptoms in the mentally ill and brain-injured patients.”
What century was labeled as “Early Experimental Psychology”?
What was it called?
1800s
The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing
What was the problem of “The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing”?
- What approach was dominating?
- What did they measure?
They mistook perceptual simple sensory processes for intelligence.
- Behavioral approach.
- Reaction times and sensory thresholds.
What did the W. Wundt made for the first time in the history?
First experimental studies in psychology.
What were the first devices in psychology?
- Psychograph
- Memory Drum
- Thought Meter
What device did Wundt made, what did it measure?
- Thought Meter.
- The speed of thought.
What were the first things that Galton has made?
- Psychometric Lab
- Battery of Mental Tests (Healthy People)
What approach of Galton caused a paradigm shift?
“Individual differences not only exist but are objectively measureable.”
What were the domains of battery of mental tests?
- Physical Domain: Height, head length, fingers, etc.
- Behavioral Domain: Strength of hand squeeze, capacity of lungs, highest audible tone, reaction time, etc.
What is Cattel’s famous article and what is it about?
- Mental Test and Measurement
- First definition of mental test.
Whose student is Cattel?
Wundt & Galton
Who brought brass instruments to the US?
What important concept did he put out?
Cattel
Individual differences in tests ought to be studied systematically.
How does Cattel see body and mind?
Which one should be used to interpret the other one?
Mental energy and bodiliy energy are impossible to seperate.
Physiological measure is an index of one’s mental power.
What is the interpretation direction among physiology and mind compared to history?
- Before: Soul affected physical features.
- Now: Physiology is used to interpret the soul (19th Century).
- By how did they find out that brass era is not valid, and what was the research called?
- By whom did this era come to an end?
- Whose student was he?
- Basic Validational Research
- He tested whether these mental test scores could predict academic performance: NO!
- Clark Wissler
- Cattel
How were the mentally retarded people treated in the Middle Ages?
- They were considered witches, and they were burned.
- Beatings were advocated as treatment in melancholia, frenzy, paralysis, epilepsy, facial expression of feebleminded.
Were emotional disabilities treated differently in the Middle Ages?
No, they are the same as mental retardation.
- Who saw the difference between mental illness and retardation after the Middle Ages, found the diagnosis?
- What was the main criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation.
- How did he define them?
- Esquirol
-
Language Skills
1. Idiocy (Mental Retardation): Lifelong developmental phenomenon.
2. Dementia (Mental Illness): Abrupt onset in adulthood.
Who is the student of Esquirol?
Seguin
What did Seguin study on?
- Itard: The Wild Boy of Aveyron
- Educational programs for persons with mental retardation.
“Idiocy, and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method”
- What is the first standardized intelligence test?
- Who made it?
- Binet’s Intelligence Test
- Alfred Binet
What was the aim of the Binet’s intelligence test?
- To identify children who could not profit from regular instruction / learn by the ordinary methods.
- Categorize the children in education era.
Higher mental processes.
What was Alfred Binet’s approach to intelligence testing in the 19th century?
Intelligence could be better measured by the higher psychological processes rather than the elementary sensory processes such as RT.
- Who made the first modern intelligence test?
- What was the test called?
- Theodore Simon
- The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale
What was the purpose of The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale?
- Assessing the entire gamut of intelligence from severe mental retardation to high levels of giftedness.
- Purpose was classification, not measurement.
Who came up with IQ (Intelligence Quotient)?
What did they do?
- William Stern: Mental Age/Chronological Age
- Lewis Terman: Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100
Who made the first translation of the Binet-Simon Scale?
What did he do?
Henry H. Goddard
Categorized mentally retardeds.
How did Goddard categorize mental retardation?
Why was he criticized?
- Idiots: Mental age < 2
- Imbeciles: Mental age 3-7
- Feebleminded: Mental age 8-12
Undesirable behaviors like crime was due to inherited mental deficiency.
- Who made the examination of immigrants?
- What did he do?
- What did it cause?
Where did this happen?
- Henry H. Goddard
- Gave them mental tests.
- Immigration Restriction: 50% of immigrants were imbeciles and feebleminded.
Ellis Island
- What was the intelligence test which was applied during the examination of immigrants for those who didn’t speak the language called?
- Who made it?
- Digit Symbol Substitution Test
- Howard Knox
- What is the first test with instruction?
- Who made it?
- The Stanford-Binet Test
- Lewis Terman
- Who made the test for the classification of WWI army recruits?
- Were they tested one by one?
- What was the purpose of it?
- Yerkes & Goddard & Terman
- Group administered.
- Intelligence test for classification.
What were the tests used for WWI classification test?
- The Army Alpha Test: Verbal. For average and high-functioning recruits.
- The Army Beta Test: Nonverbal. For illiterates and recruits whose first language isn’t English.
What tests do the ETS (Educational Testing Service) provide?
- SAT
- GRE
- TOEFL
What test was created to avoid duplication in the testing of applicants to US colleges?
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)
Why was there a new aptitude test for WWII?
Categorizing based on intelligence didn’t do much.
What were the personality and vocational tests after WWI?
For whom were they made?
- Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet: For detecting Army recruits who were susceptible to psychoneurosis.
- Thurstone Personality Schedule: More regular daily basis.
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - MMPI (Hatway & McKinley): More on the psychopathology.
What are the projective tests?
- Rorschach Test: Inkblot.
- Thematic Apperception Test - TAT (Morgan & Murray): Stories.
