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317 > The History of Psychological Testing > Flashcards

The History of Psychological Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first test with psychological measurement?

Years?

A

Rudimentary Forms of Testing in China

2200 BC - 1370

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2
Q

What was the rudimentary forms of testing in China?

A

The Chinese emperor’s examination of his officials every 3rd year to determine their fitness for office.

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3
Q

What topics did rudimentary forms of testing in China examine?

A
  1. Geography
  2. Agriculture
  3. Revenue
  4. Civil Law
  5. Military Affairs
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4
Q

What made the rudimentary forms of testing in China take its final form?

A

Emphasization on proficiency in the Confucian classics.

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5
Q

What are the steps of rudimentary forms of testing in China?

A
  • Preliminary Examination: A day and a night (1-7%).
  • District Examination: 3 days and 3 nights (1-7%).
  • Final Round: Privilege of going to Peking and become an eligible for public office (1-3%).
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6
Q

What is physiognomy?

Who came up with it?

A
  • Inner character can be judged from the appearance as it affects the outlook.
  • “Changes in a person’s soul could impact the appearance of the body.”

Aristotle

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7
Q

What did J. Lavater wrote and what did it include?

A
  • “Essays on Physiognomy”
  • Hundreds of meticulous drawings depicting his principles of physiognomy by which character could be judged from details of facial appearance.
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8
Q

What is “phrenology”?

Who came up with it?

A

To extent that a specific faculty was well developed, the corresponding component of the brain would be enlarged.

F. J. Gall

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9
Q

Who is the author of “Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General and the Brain in Particular”?

What field of approach did it talk about?

A

F. J. Gall

Phrenology

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10
Q

What is the first device to measure psychological properties and who came up with it?

What field of approach was it made upon?

A
  • Psychograph
  • Henry C. Lavery

Phrenology

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11
Q

What are the 2 categories psychograph takes place in as the “1st”?

A
  • First device to measure psychological properties.
  • One of the first automated personality descriptions.
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12
Q

Who are the psychiatric antecedents of psychological testing?

A
  • Hubert von Grashey
  • Konrad Rieger
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13
Q

What was one of the first memory measurement in the history, on whom were they tested on, what properties did it show?

Who made it

A
  • Memory Drum (1885)
  • Brain-injured patients
  • Symbols - Words - Pictures

Hubert von Grashey

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14
Q

Who made the first test battery, for whom was it?

A
  • Konrad Rieger
  • Brain-injured Patients

“Standardized procedures could help reveal the nature and extent of symptoms in the mentally ill and brain-injured patients.”

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15
Q

What century was labeled as “Early Experimental Psychology”?

What was it called?

A

1800s

The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing

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16
Q

What was the problem of “The Brass Instruments Era of Psychological Testing”?

  • What approach was dominating?

- What did they measure?

A

They mistook perceptual simple sensory processes for intelligence.

  • Behavioral approach.

- Reaction times and sensory thresholds.

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17
Q

What did the W. Wundt made for the first time in the history?

A

First experimental studies in psychology.

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18
Q

What were the first devices in psychology?

A
  • Psychograph
  • Memory Drum
  • Thought Meter
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19
Q

What device did Wundt made, what did it measure?

A
  • Thought Meter.
  • The speed of thought.
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20
Q

What were the first things that Galton has made?

A
  1. Psychometric Lab
  2. Battery of Mental Tests (Healthy People)
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21
Q

What approach of Galton caused a paradigm shift?

A

“Individual differences not only exist but are objectively measureable.”

22
Q

What were the domains of battery of mental tests?

A
  1. Physical Domain: Height, head length, fingers, etc.
  2. Behavioral Domain: Strength of hand squeeze, capacity of lungs, highest audible tone, reaction time, etc.
23
Q

What is Cattel’s famous article and what is it about?

A
  • Mental Test and Measurement
  • First definition of mental test.
23
Q

Whose student is Cattel?

A

Wundt & Galton

23
Q

Who brought brass instruments to the US?

What important concept did he put out?

A

Cattel

Individual differences in tests ought to be studied systematically.

24
Q

How does Cattel see body and mind?

Which one should be used to interpret the other one?

A

Mental energy and bodiliy energy are impossible to seperate.

Physiological measure is an index of one’s mental power.

25
Q

What is the interpretation direction among physiology and mind compared to history?

A
  • Before: Soul affected physical features.
  • Now: Physiology is used to interpret the soul (19th Century).
26
Q
  • By how did they find out that brass era is not valid, and what was the research called?
  • By whom did this era come to an end?
  • Whose student was he?
A
  • Basic Validational Research
  • He tested whether these mental test scores could predict academic performance: NO!
  • Clark Wissler
  • Cattel
27
Q

How were the mentally retarded people treated in the Middle Ages?

A
  • They were considered witches, and they were burned.
  • Beatings were advocated as treatment in melancholia, frenzy, paralysis, epilepsy, facial expression of feebleminded.
28
Q

Were emotional disabilities treated differently in the Middle Ages?

A

No, they are the same as mental retardation.

29
Q
  • Who saw the difference between mental illness and retardation after the Middle Ages, found the diagnosis?
  • What was the main criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation.
  • How did he define them?
A
  • Esquirol
  • Language Skills
    1. Idiocy (Mental Retardation): Lifelong developmental phenomenon.
    2. Dementia (Mental Illness): Abrupt onset in adulthood.
30
Q

Who is the student of Esquirol?

A

Seguin

31
Q

What did Seguin study on?

A
  • Itard: The Wild Boy of Aveyron
  • Educational programs for persons with mental retardation.

“Idiocy, and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method”

32
Q
  • What is the first standardized intelligence test?
  • Who made it?
A
  • Binet’s Intelligence Test
  • Alfred Binet
33
Q

What was the aim of the Binet’s intelligence test?

A
  • To identify children who could not profit from regular instruction / learn by the ordinary methods.
  • Categorize the children in education era.

Higher mental processes.

34
Q

What was Alfred Binet’s approach to intelligence testing in the 19th century?

A

Intelligence could be better measured by the higher psychological processes rather than the elementary sensory processes such as RT.

35
Q
  • Who made the first modern intelligence test?
  • What was the test called?
A
  • Theodore Simon
  • The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale
36
Q

What was the purpose of The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale?

A
  • Assessing the entire gamut of intelligence from severe mental retardation to high levels of giftedness.
  • Purpose was classification, not measurement.
37
Q

Who came up with IQ (Intelligence Quotient)?

What did they do?

A
  • William Stern: Mental Age/Chronological Age
  • Lewis Terman: Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100
38
Q

Who made the first translation of the Binet-Simon Scale?

What did he do?

A

Henry H. Goddard

Categorized mentally retardeds.

39
Q

How did Goddard categorize mental retardation?

Why was he criticized?

A
  • Idiots: Mental age < 2
  • Imbeciles: Mental age 3-7
  • Feebleminded: Mental age 8-12

Undesirable behaviors like crime was due to inherited mental deficiency.

40
Q
  • Who made the examination of immigrants?
  • What did he do?
  • What did it cause?

Where did this happen?

A
  • Henry H. Goddard
  • Gave them mental tests.
  • Immigration Restriction: 50% of immigrants were imbeciles and feebleminded.

Ellis Island

41
Q
  • What was the intelligence test which was applied during the examination of immigrants for those who didn’t speak the language called?
  • Who made it?
A
  • Digit Symbol Substitution Test
  • Howard Knox
42
Q
  • What is the first test with instruction?
  • Who made it?
A
  • The Stanford-Binet Test
  • Lewis Terman
43
Q
  • Who made the test for the classification of WWI army recruits?
  • Were they tested one by one?
  • What was the purpose of it?
A
  • Yerkes & Goddard & Terman
  • Group administered.
  • Intelligence test for classification.
44
Q

What were the tests used for WWI classification test?

A
  1. The Army Alpha Test: Verbal. For average and high-functioning recruits.
  2. The Army Beta Test: Nonverbal. For illiterates and recruits whose first language isn’t English.
45
Q

What tests do the ETS (Educational Testing Service) provide?

A
  1. SAT
  2. GRE
  3. TOEFL
46
Q

What test was created to avoid duplication in the testing of applicants to US colleges?

A

SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)

47
Q

Why was there a new aptitude test for WWII?

A

Categorizing based on intelligence didn’t do much.

48
Q

What were the personality and vocational tests after WWI?

For whom were they made?

A
  1. Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet: For detecting Army recruits who were susceptible to psychoneurosis.
  2. Thurstone Personality Schedule: More regular daily basis.
  3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - MMPI (Hatway & McKinley): More on the psychopathology.
49
Q

What are the projective tests?

A
  1. Rorschach Test: Inkblot.
  2. Thematic Apperception Test - TAT (Morgan & Murray): Stories.

317 (4 decks)

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