The hindgut and vessels, the liver, gall bladder and biliary tree

Question 1

List the components of the hindgut?

Answer 1

• last 1/3 of transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum

Question 2

at what vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery leave the abdominal aorta?

Answer 2

L3

Question 3

Which vessels contribute to the formation of the marginal artery? What does it supply?

Answer 3

SMA = marginal, right colic
IMA = left colic, sigmoidal

supplies the area around the splenic flexure

Question 4

the sigmoid colon is suspended from the posterior body wall by what?

Answer 4

sigmoid mesocolon

Question 5

taeniae coli and epiplicae appendices are absent from the surface of the large intestines from which junction?

Answer 5

rectosigmoid junction - at S3 vertebra

Question 6

what is sigmoid valvulus?

Answer 6

A condition affecting a person’s bowels and causes obstruction due to twisting around sigmoid mesocolon

Question 7

how do the peritoneal attachments of the rectum differ from those of the sigmoid colon?

Answer 7

Superior 1/3 = Anterior and lateral sides covered
middle 1/3 = only anterior
inferior 1/3 = subperitoneal

Question 8

where do each of the rectal arteries originate?

Answer 8

Superior rectal = IMA
Middle rectal = internal iliac
Inferior rectal = internal pudendal

Question 9

which muscle layer forms the pelvic floor?

Answer 9

levator ani

Question 10

what is the definition of portal vein?

Are there any other examples elsewhere in the body?

Answer 10

Blood vessels that take blood from one capillary bed to another before it enters vena cava and returns to the heart.
Yes, in the pituitary gland

Question 11

The smaller veins that drain the midgut ultimately drain into which largen vein?

Answer 11

Superior mesenteric vein

Question 12

the portal vein runs in the free edge of which peritoneal fold?

Answer 12

lesser omentum

Question 13

what vein drains the hindgut? Where is this vein located in comparison to its corresponding artery?

Answer 13

Inferior mesenteric vein.

Located superiorly

Question 14

what vessel does the IMV join and where?

Answer 14

Splenic Vein at L1

Question 15

Into which larger veins do the following the veins of the foregut drain into? 
right gastric vein
left gastric vein
short gastric veins
right gastroepiploic vein
left gastroepiploic vein
superior pancreaticoduodenal veins

Answer 15

• portal vein
• splenic vein
• splenic vein
• inferior mesenteric vein
• splenic vein
• inferior mesenteric vein

Question 16

what is the purpose of portal circulation?

Answer 16

to allow blood carrying recently digested chyme to be processed in the liver before entering the general circulation

Question 17

which vessels receive venous drainage from the eosophagus?

Answer 17

azygous vein

Question 18

which sites do portosystemic anastomoses occur?

Answer 18

eosophagus
anterior abdominal wall
ano-rectal junction

Question 19

why is knowledge of the lymphatic drainage of the gastrointestinal tract important?

Answer 19

metastasising cancer cells

Question 20

lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta, around the origins of the coeliac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries are called?

Answer 20

coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric groups of lymph nodes.

Question 21

The coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric groups of lymph nodes can also be called?

Answer 21

aortic nodes

Question 22

coeliac group of lymph nodes drain into what?

Answer 22

cisterna chyli

Question 23

what lymphatic channel originates from the cisterna chyli?

Answer 23

thoracic duct

Question 24

what are peyer’s patches

Answer 24

areas of lymphoid tissue which are located within the walls of the small intestine

Question 25

what are the last in the series of lymph nodes?

Answer 25

pre-aortic nodes

Question 26

most of the auntonomic fibres to the gut travel via what?

Answer 26

coeliac plexus

Question 27

the parasympathetic fibres to the hindgut travel via what?

Answer 27

inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus

Question 28

the coeliac plexus receives its parasympathetic input from which nerves?

Answer 28

left and right vagus nerves

Question 29

what is the function of parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 29

aid digestion

Question 30

the sympathetic contribution to the coeliac plexus is from which nerves?

Answer 30

splanchnic nerves

Question 31

what is the function of the sympathetic fibres?

Answer 31

limit digestion

Question 32

where do the sympathetic fibres arise and how do they reach the abdomen?

Answer 32

arise from sympathetic chain and enter abdomen via the aortic hiatus.

Question 33

the left and right lobes of the liver are separated by what?

Answer 33

the falciform ligament

Question 34

what structure is found in the free edge of the falciform ligament?

Answer 34

umbilical vein

Question 35

what structures are found at the porta hepatis?

Answer 35

hepatic ducts (L + R)
hepatic portal veins
hepatic arteries

Question 36

name to other factors that contribute to support the liver?

Answer 36

falciform ligament and triangular ligament

Question 37

where does the common bile duct run after it leaves the edge of the lesser omentum?

Answer 37

posterior to the duodenum and head of pancreas to form hepatopancreatic ampulla with the pancreatic duct.

Question 38

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla and where is the sphincter of oddi?

Answer 38

Dilation where bile duct and pancreatic duct join. It is surrounded by the sphincter of oddi.

Question 39

what is the typical blood supply of the gall bladder? Where does it originate from?

Answer 39

Cystic artery

Originates from right hepatic artery

Question 40

where does venous drianage occur in the gallbladder?

Answer 40

cystic vein to portal vein