The Heart

Question 1

Left atrium pressure

Answer 1

8-10mm Hg

Question 2

Left Ventricle pressure

Answer 2

120 systole/10 diastole mm Hg

Question 3

Aorta pressure

Answer 3

120 systole/80 diastole mm Hg

Question 4

Right Atrium pressure

Answer 4

0-4mm Hg

Question 5

Right Ventricle pressure

Answer 5

25 systole/4 diastole mm Hg

Question 6

Pulmonary Artery pressure

Answer 6

25 systole/10 diastole mm Hg

Question 7

Stroke Volume at rest

Answer 7

70ml

Question 8

How long does an average action potential in the heart last for?

Answer 8

280ms

Question 9

Valves in each side of the heart

Answer 9

Left - aortic valve, mitral valve

Right - tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve

Question 10

What are the cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves attached to?

Answer 10

Papillary muscles via cordae tendineae

Question 11

How long is the electrical impulse delayed for at the atrioventricular node?

Answer 11

120ms

Question 12

What are the 7 phases of the cardiac cycle? And what happens in each one?

Answer 12

1) Atrial Contraction
2) Isovolumetric Contraction
3) Rapid Ejection
4) Reduced Ejection
5) Isovolumetric Relaxation
6) Rapid Filling
7) Reduced Filling

Question 13

End Diastolic Volume

Answer 13

At the end of phase one when ventricular volumes are maximal

Question 14

Isovolumetric

Answer 14

No change in ventricular volume

Question 15

QRS complex

Answer 15

In ECG, signifies onset of ventricular depolarisation

Question 16

S1, S2 and S3

Answer 16

S1 - closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
S3 - ventricular filling, normal in children, pathology in adults

Question 17

X descent

Answer 17

Atrial pressure initially decreases as the atrial base is pulled downward as ventricle contracts.

Question 18

V wave

Answer 18

Atrial pressure gradually rises due to the continued venous return from the lungs.

Question 19

T wave

Answer 19

ECG, ventricular repolarization

Question 20

Dicrotic pressure

Answer 20

In aortic pressure curve, caused by valve closure

Question 21

Isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 21

Although rapid decline in ventricular pressure, volume remains constant since all valves are closed.

Question 22

Stroke volume equation

Answer 22

End Diastolic Volume(EDV) - End Systolic Volume(ESV)

Question 23

Y descent

Answer 23

Fall in atrial pressure that occurs after opening of mitral valve

Question 24

Diastasis

Answer 24

Initial passive filling of the hearts ventricles has slowed down

Question 25

Acyanotic congenital heart disease types

Answer 25

Left to right shunts: ASD,VSD,PDA Obstructive lesions: Aortic stenosis (Hypoplasia), Pulmonary stenosis (Valve, outflow, branch) Coarctation of the Aorta, Mitral stenosis

Question 26

Describe the normal anatomy of the right ventricle

Answer 26

- Makes up most of the inferior border of the heart - Trabeculae carnae - Papillary muscles attach to chordae tendinae, connecting to the tricuspid valves - Moderator band between the interventricular septum and the anterior wall of the RV: contains the right bundle branches which allow coordinated contraction of the papillary muscles ● Outflow part (conus arteriosus) contains the pulmonary semi-lunar valve which leads to the pulmonary artery. It has smooth walls ie no trabeculae carnae

Question 27

Name the anatomical area in which the heart and pericardium lie, and state its borders

Answer 27

Middle mediastinum Anterior border - anterior portion of the pericardium Posterior border - posterior portion of the pericardium Lateral border - pleura of the lungs Superior border - imaginary line between the sternal angle and T4 vertebrae Inferior border - superior surface of the diaphram