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EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

FOUR

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2
Q

What are the two circulatory routes of blood flow?

A

Pulmonary & systemic

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3
Q

What is it called when back flow happens in the heart?

A

congestive heart failure

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4
Q

What is the pressure of the right side pump?

A

LOW pressure

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5
Q

What is the pressure of the left side pump?

A

HIGH pressure

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6
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

space filled with fluid, approx. 10-15mls

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7
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

double layered closed sac that surronds and anchors the heart, loose fitting & inextensible

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8
Q

What is the outer pericardium layer?

A
  • tough fibrous layer attached to the diaphragm
  • inner surfaces of the sternum and vertebral column
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9
Q

What is the inner pericardium layer?

A
  • thin outer layer of the heart wall
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10
Q

Serous membranes are……….

A

secrete fluid to lubricate the membranes to reduce friction during contraction

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11
Q

What are the major structures of the heart?

A

Atria and ventricles
Valves: pulmonary, aortic, bicuspid, tricuspid
Vessels: aorta, pulomary arteries and veins, superior and inferior vena cava
Chordae tendinaee, papillary muscles
Interventricular septum

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12
Q

What are the four cavities of the heart?

A

right and left atria
right and left ventricles

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13
Q

What is the function/characteristics of the atria?

A

receives blood from the veins

thin walls, don’t generate much impulses as they are moving blood to a small distance to the ventricles

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14
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

primary pumping chambers as they pump blood out of the heart

thicker walls

myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker because it pushes blood to the rest of the body!

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

E.M.E

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16
Q

What is the epicardium?

A
  • visceral pericardium
  • outer layer of the heart
  • blood vessels that nourish the heart are inside the pericardium
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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A
  • middle layer
  • thickest wall of the heart
  • contraction of the myocardium provides the force that pumps the blood through the blood vessels
  • this is where MI’s happen !!
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18
Q

What is the endocardium?

A
  • single layer of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of the myocardium
  • lines the chambers of the heart
  • continuous with the internal lining of the blood vessels attached to the heart
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19
Q

Which ventricle is thicker?

A

LEFT

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20
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A

AV & semilunar

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21
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Formed of fibrous connective tissues
2 AV valves: bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid
- Allows blood from the atrium to the ventricles but not back

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22
Q

What is the tricuspid AV valve?

A

Right side, 3 cusps of tissue from the fibrous tissues that separate the atria and ventricles

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23
Q

What is the bicuspid AV valve?

A

left side, between Left ATRIA & Left VENTRICLE, 2 cusps

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24
Q

What do the AV valves prevent?

A

the valves from being forced into the atria during ventricular contraction, they are just the right length to allow the cusps to close and seal tightly

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25
What are the strands of tissue called that extend from the cusps to the papillary muscle?
Chordae Tendineae
26
Where are the semilunar valves?
In the bases of the large arteries that carry blood from the ventricles
27
What are the two semilunar valves in the arteries leaving the heart?
- Pulmonary, at the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk - Aortic semilunar valve, at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
28
What do the semilunar valves allow prevent?
Allow blood to exit the ventricles and prevent the blood flow back into the ventricles
29
What are the 2 major arteries of the heart?
the right and left coronary arteries, these branch directly off the aorta immediately above the aortic valve
30
Where is the left coronary artery located?
divides into the left descending artery (anterior inter ventricular) supplies 65-75% of the blood supply to the left ventricle and septum
31
Where could sudden cardiac arrest originate? and how would it present on an ECG?
left ventricles, the "widow makers" tombstone pattern on an ECG
32
What does the left coronary artery supply and where?
oxygenation and nourishment to the myocardial cells
33
where is the right coronary artery located?
originates at the right cusp of the aortic valve divides into the right marginal artery and posterior inter ventricular artery supplied 25-35% of the blood supply to the left ventricle and all of the right ventricle
34
What are the cardiac veins?
refer to the veins that drain the blood supply of the heart wall collect the deoxygenated and metabolic rich blood from capillary beds
35
How is blood supplied to the heart?
blood passes through the capillary beds in the myocardium then drains via cardiac veins empty in to the coronary sinus in the right atrium (collection of small veins that form a larger vessel) Right coronary vein=anterior supply
36
What are the two phases in the cardiac cycle?
Contraction and relaxation
37
Atria and ventricles contract ______ and both _____ between beats
alternately, relax
38
How does blood flow through the heart?
Vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aorta Organs
39
What are the heart sounds produced from?
produced by the vibrations from the closing of the heart valves 1st sound: AV valves. beginning of the ventricular systole causes a low "LUBB" sound 2nd sound: Semilunar valves, closing with ventricular diastole "DUPP" sound
40
Where are baroreceptors located?
in the walls of the aorta and internal carotid arteries
41
What do baroreceptors do?
detect changes in blood pressure and alert the cardiac center then respond through the stimulation of the SNS or PNS
42
Sympathetic Nervous System causes...
increase in HR (tachycardia) and contractility
43
Parasympathetic Nervous System causes...
decrease in HR (bradycardia) and contractility (vagus nerve stimulation)
44
What chemical is secret during sympathetic innervation?
Epinephrine/nonepi is secreted at the synapses in the heart ---->increases the rate and strength of the contraction This chemical stimulates beta receptors and increased HR and contractility
45
How do beta blockers effect sympathetic innervation?
Doesn't have the ability to increase, keeps heart rate down
46
Factors that increase HEART RATE:
1. Elevated body temp (fever) 2. Increased environmental temp (humidity) 3. Exercise 4. Smoking 5. Stress
47
What chemical is secreted during Parasympathetic innervation ?
Acetylcholine is secreted at the synapses and slows the rate down!!
48
What is the parasympathetic nerve pathway?
Cardiac centre --> to the vagus nerve --> innervates the SA node and AV nodes through the right and left vagus nerves
49
What are the cardiac muscles called?
Cardiocytes (myocardiocytes) Heart muscle cells build to form involuntary muscle strands Highly resistant to fatigue due to high level of mitochondria Break down nutrients into cell energy
50
What are the two proteins that allow for contraction?
Actin and myosin (protein filaments)
51
How many contractions per minute are cardiac muscles limited to?
200 contractions
52
What are the 5 properties of cardiac cells?
1. Contractility 2. Automaticity 3. Rhythmicity 4. Conductivity 5. Refractory Period
53
Define: Contractility
ability to respond to an impulse by contracting
54
Define: Automaticity
ability to generate their own impulses
55
Define: Rhythmicity
Regular impulse generation
56
Define: Conductivity
ability to transmit impulses to adjacent cells
57
Define: Refractory period
relaxation without response to another stimulation
58
What is cardiac output?
CO is the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute depends on the HR and stroke volume (CO= HR x SV)
59
What is stroke volume?
varies with sympathetic stimulation and venous return when an increased amount of blood returns to the heart, the heart stretched more and the force of control
60
During stress, exercise and infection: Cardiac Output= ________
increases
61
What is STARLING'S LAW?
The more the muscle fibres are stretched the greater their force of contraction: this is based on an increase in blood volume

EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT (11 decks)

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