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EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 walls of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Adventita (outside)
  2. Tunica Media (middle)
  3. Tunica Intima (interior)
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2
Q

What is the lining endothelial cells?

A
  • they line entire vessels
  • provide smooth luminal surface
  • pores present in their membrane that allow for diffusion and movement of substances into the blood so that is DOES NOT CLOT
  • capable of reproduction, provides new cells to increase blood vessel size or repair damaged cells
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3
Q

What is the collagen fibers?

A

reinforcing strands woven together (similar to the wall of a garden hose)
- minimal stretch (2.3%)
- function to keep the lumen of the vessel open and strengthen walls

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4
Q

What is elastic fibers?

A
  • made of elastin
  • rubber like, highly elastic
  • allow for recoil after distension
  • maintains passive tension, maintains normal BP
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5
Q

What is smooth muscle fibers?

A
  • found in the wall of all segments of the vascular system except capillaries
  • most numerous and muscular arteries
  • exert active tension when vessels contracted
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6
Q

What is the outer layer of a blood vessel called?

A

tunica adventitia

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7
Q

What is the role of the outer layer of the blood vessel?

A

helps hold vessel open and prevents tearing during body movements

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8
Q

In the VEIN, the tunica adventitia is the _____ layer

A

THICKEST

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9
Q

In the ARTERIES, the tunica adventitia is the _____ layer

A

2nd thickest, next to the middle layer

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10
Q

What is the middle layer of the blood vessel called?

A

Tunica media

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11
Q

What is the role of the middle layer in the blood vessel?

A

changes in blood vessel diameter (contraction and dilation)

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12
Q

Arteries have a thicker ______ layer than veins, because they contract and dilate more!!

A

TUNICA MEDIA (middle layer)

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13
Q

What is the inner layer of the blood vessel called?

A

Tunica intima

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14
Q

Is the inner layer of the blood vessel thin or thick?

A

THIN!!

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15
Q

What are arteries?

A

-Thick walled musucular vessels
-Carry blood AWAY from the heart
usually carrying oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries)
-Highly sensitive to stimulation from Autonomic nervous system (causes changes in their diameter as they relax, contract and regulate BP)

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16
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles!

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17
Q

What are the elastic arteries?

A

largest in the body!!
Aorta and some major branches
they can STRETCH without injury to accommodate the surge of blood forced into them as the heart contract
recoil when the ventricles relax, they accomodate

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18
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A

Carry blood farther away from the heart to specific organs
- smaller in diameter, THICKER than elastic arteries

ex. brachial, gastric, mesenteric

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19
Q

What are arterioles?

A

aka resistance vessels
- smallest arteries
- named as a group
main function: regulate blood flow though the body, also determines quantity of blood that enters an organ

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20
Q

What side of the circulatory system do veins operate on?

A

LOW PRESSURE

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21
Q

Veins have ______ walls!

A

THIN

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22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

microscopic blood vessels
carry blood from the arteries TO the venules
extremely THIN walls

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23
Q

What is the precapillary sphincter?

A
  • regulate the volume of inflow of blood through the capillary
  • band of smooth muscle encircling the capillary
24
Q

What is the vein system?? (blood flow)

A

arteries–> capillaries –> venules –> veins

25
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

resistance to blood flow imposed by the force of friction between the blood and vessel walls
- viscosity and diameter

26
Q

What is vasoconstriction? (in terms of vessel walls and resistance and blood flow)

A

reduction of blood vessel diameter by an increased contraction of the muscular wall

increased resistance = decreased blood flow to tissues =increased BP!

27
Q

What is vasodilation? (in terms of vessel walls and resistance and blood flow)

A

increases vessel diameter by relaxing of the muscular wall

decreased resistance= increased blood flow to tissues = decreased BP!

28
Q

Where is vascular changes controlled?

A

the medulla, vasomotor center or vasoconstriction center

29
Q

What receptors are stimulated to sense the pressure changes in arteries?

A

baroreceptors

30
Q

What do baroreceptors stimulate when they detect a decrease in BP?

A
  1. senses change in pressure in aortic and carotid baroreceptors
  2. cardiac control center to elevate the HR!
  3. sends impulses to the medulla to stimulate vasoconstriciton….
  4. stimulate the SNS increasing HR and vasoconstriction….
  5. therefore, RAISING BP to normal levels (homeostasis)
31
Q

What do baroreceptors do when they sense a decrease in BP?

A
  1. stimulate the aortic and carotid barorecptors (sense pressure changes)
  2. stimulates cardiac control center to LOWER the HR….
  3. Inhibits vasoconstriction center….
  4. parasympathetic fibers to slow down the HR and DILATE the venues of blood resevoirs
  5. strives to bring BP back to normal (homeostasis)
32
Q

What are chemoreceptors???

A

located in the aortic and carotid bodies
sensitive to excess blood CO2 levels, hypercapnia
less sensitive to LOW O2 levels, hypoxia

When either of these 2 occur, impulses are sent via the chemoreceptors to the medulla’s vasoconstriction center → vasoconstriction soon follows, HR increases

33
Q

What is venous return?

A

the amount of blood returned to the heart by the way of the veins!

34
Q

What are the two mechanisms of venous return to the heart? Explain them.

A

Venous reservoirs- BP drops, walls of veins adjust and blood flows in to maintain optimal blood return

Elastic nature of the veins- BP rises, vein walls expand to allow them to adapt to the higher pressure

stress relaxation effect

35
Q

What are the 2 venous pumps?

A

respiratory and skeletal

36
Q

What happens in the respiratory venous pump during inspiration?

A

diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity becomes larger and abdominal smaller!

pressure in the thoracic cavity, vena cava and atria decrease and those in abdominal cavity (abdo veins) increase

37
Q

What happens in the respiratory venous pump during expiration?

A

diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller and abdominal larger

pressure in the thoracic cavity, vena cava and atria increase and those in abdominal cavity (abdo veins) decrease

38
Q

What do skeletal muscles do as a venous pump?

A

As each skeletal muscle contracts, it squeezes the veins inside , thereby “milking” the blood upward/ towards the heart

The semilunar valves in veins then close and prevent the blood from flowing back as the muscle relaxes

39
Q

What is total blood volume?

A

return of blood to the heart can be influenced by factors that change the total blood volume
- most quickly and effectively done by water moving into the plasma (increasing blood volume) or out of plasma (decreasing blood volume)

40
Q

What are the factors affecting BP?

A

cardiac output
blood volume
peripheral resistance
blood viscosity
- an increase in any one relates to an increase in the BP

41
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Co= SV x HR

42
Q

Increase in arterial blood volume = ______ in arterial BP!

A

increase

43
Q

Where does the exchange of gas happen in the blood?

A

CAPILLARIES

44
Q

How is blood volume reduced? (examples)

A

severe hemorrhage
vomiting
diarrhea
reduced water intake

45
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

friction of blood against the vessel walls!

46
Q

If peripheral resistance INCREASES…. _______ amount of blood leaving arteries & ________ in volume, and ______ BP

A

decrease , increase, increase

47
Q

How does ADH control BP?

A
  • Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume (the more water absorbed in blood, the greater the plasma volume becomes)
  • Response to decrease in blood volume and BP
  • Works to vasoconstriction blood vessels as well to raise BP (known as a vasopressor)
48
Q

How does aldosterone control BP?

A
  • If a decrease in BP is detected, works to increase blood volume by increasing reabsorption of sodium ions and water (from sweat, urine and the GI system)
  • Secreted by the adrenal gland
  • Increases osmolality, pushes fluid back into the system
  • This then increases the BP as a result of the increase in blood volume
49
Q

What is the RAAS system stand for?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

50
Q

What is the RAAS system do?

A

Renin (formed in kidney) > angiotensin I > ACE (formed in lung) > angiotensin II > stimulates ADH and aldosterone (VASO CONSTRICTORS!!!)

  • raises BP long term!
51
Q

What does histamine do to the blood?

A

INCREASES flow!

52
Q

What cells produce histamine?

A

MAST cells

53
Q

Histamine = vaso _____ which ______ BP !!!!

A

dilater & LOWERS BP

54
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do??

A

STOP converting enzyme because it wont be able to initiate angio II to constrict vessels

  • lowers BP!!!
55
Q

What do medications normally end with as ace inhibitors?? (provide examples)

A

-PRIL

( captopril, lisinopril and enalapril )

EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT (11 decks)

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