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Heme/Lymph 1 > The Healthy Circulation and Physiologic Hemostasis > Flashcards

The Healthy Circulation and Physiologic Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is

A

A complex liquid flowing under pressure

Normally, blood will not interact with each other

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2
Q

What happens to blood under injury?

A

Blood is stopped by clot formation and normal flow is restored

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3
Q

Physiologic Clot is

A

Just right in size and strength and persists just long enough

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4
Q

influences on blood flow

A

Vessels,
Flow
Blood itself
Virchow’s triad

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5
Q

Blood flow normally

A

Denser RBCs in the middle with laminar flow….platelets and plasma at periphery

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6
Q

Blood flow in anemia

A

Narrower central column, less viscous, flows faster, and thicker outer sleeve with more opportunities for endothelial interaction…more prone to excess bleeding

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7
Q

Polycythemia affects on blood flow

A

More viscous so thicker central column…more opportunities for endothelial interaction so more likely to thrombosis

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8
Q

Healthy endothelium

A

Keep flow moving and avoid interaction with passing bloodstream components except for purpose of promoting normal flow…if endothelium activate, it can secrete procoagulant substances (normally held in reserve)

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9
Q

Endothelial cells and NO

A

Endothelium forms NO from L-arginine via NOS…diffuses across cell membranes and causes vasodilation while inhibiting platelet adhesion and aggregation
NO destroyed by hemoglobin and short half life (local interactions)

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10
Q

Intravascular hemolysis effecto n NO

A

Causes local depletion of NO

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11
Q

What is normally bound to endothelial surface

A

Heparans and thrombomodulin - part of natural anti-coag system

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12
Q

Heparans

A

Expressed on endothelial surface bound to glypican and syndecan glycoproteins
Similar to heparin
Bind and activate antithrombin, enable anticoagulant effect confined to normal endothelial surface

Effect is to inhibit unwanted clotting in the intact circulation

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13
Q

Thrombomodulin

A

Expressed on intact endothelium, cooperates with thrombin to activate protein C

Effect is to confine clot formation to the site of the injury by inhibiting the spread to adjacent normal endothelium

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14
Q

Prostacylcin

A

INtact endothelial cells adjacent to disrupted endothelium enzymatically release arachidonic acid
COX2 converts to prostacyclin
COX2 predominates on endothelium, induced by laminar blood flow

Effect of PGI2 is vasodilation and maintenance of healthy blood flow

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15
Q

Thromboxane

A

COX1 converts AA into thromboxane A2 in platelets
Stimulator of platelet activation and aggregation and produces vasoconstriction
Endothelial COX2 generates PGI2 which blocks [platelet aggeregation and antagonizes TxA2 mediated vasoconstriction

NET effect is an adjustable tension between vasodilatory of PGI2 and vasoconstrictive of TxA2

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16
Q

tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator is secreted by endothelium under stress or vascular occlusion…initiates fibrinolyis

Helps limit clot size

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17
Q

Endothelin

A

Endothelium secretes vasoconstrictive peptides called endothelins…immediate but temportary

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18
Q

In healthy flow vs. acute bleeding

A

Healthy - vasodilatory of NO predominantes
Acute bleeding - endothelin mediated vasoconstriction precomes predominant

Out of balance in fascular dz

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19
Q

vWF, ADAMTS-13, FV8, Tissue factor

A

All help to clot (pro-coagulants)

vWF - primary hemostasis
ADAMTS-13 - cleaves vWF
F8 - secondary hemostasis
TF - not normally expressed but exposed with endothelial acitivation to begin secondary hemostatic process

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20
Q

Primary and secondary hemostasis

A

Primary - platelet interactions with vWF and each other (platelet plug)
Secondary - interactions of procoagulant proteins with cell surfaces, platelet plug, and each other (fibrin clot)

Occur at same time

Modulated by natural anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems

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21
Q

Overview of primary hemostasis formation

A

Damage exposes vWF…circulating platelets bind to vWF, collagen activates platelets…platelets release substances ot recruit other platelets…activated platelets sitck together via fibrinogen bridges

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22
Q

Enhancing the platelet plug

A

Damaged or activated endothelial cells release additional high weight vWF factors that are cleaved by ADAMTS-13 protease

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23
Q

Key structures of a platelet

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Contractile proteins that flex into its activated form
Dense bodies - contain smaller molecules and ions like ADP, serotonin and calcium
Alpha granules - contain 300 proteins and peptides with various functions

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24
Q

Platelet receptors

A

Throbin, epinephrine, ADP, and collagen
AA released from platelet membrane and converted to TXA2
GPIb/9/5 receptor - platelet adhesion to GPIb binding domain on vWF molecule (always exposed)
GP2b/3a recepotr - binding platelets into aggregated platelet plugs (concelaed on quiescent platelet but exposed on activated)

Can also make NO

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25
Q

Activation of platelets causes

A

Granule release, shape change, recruitment, and aggregation

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26
Q

vWF

A

Produced in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
Linear monomer that dimerize via disulfide bonds…dimers form multimers
Circulating ADAMTS-13 cleaves into smaller ones

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27
Q

vWf binding sites

A

FV8, collagen, GB1b and GB2b/3a

Cleavage site of ADAMTS-13 q

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28
Q

3 pools of vWF

A

Circulating - rolled up to conceal GPIb binding domain…binds F8 and prevents prevents degradation by protein C (chaperone function)

Subendothelial deposit fomr - stretched out by collagen binding…poised for action if injury occurs (by binding platelets)

Endothelial storage granule form - ultra large monomers unroled that can be extruded for rapid hemostasis…cleaved by ADAMTS-13

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29
Q

Once adherent to subendothelial vWF via GPIb interaction

A

Platelet also comes in contact with subendothelial collagen which activates platelet…platelet undergoes shape change and exposes GP2b/3a receptors, release of granule contents

30
Q

How is ADP imprtant in platelet recruiting process

A

Interacts with P2Y12 ADP receptor on nearby resting platelet

31
Q

Aggregation

A

Occurs once Gp2a/3b is exposed and ready to engage with a fibrinogen molecule…as many as six platelets can engage with a fibrinogen molecule

32
Q

PLatelet plug function

A

Initially stops bleeding and serves as scaffolding for secondary hemostasis

Disorders = thrombosis and bledding

33
Q

Secondary hemostasis

A

Fromation of fibrin strands on and witin the platelet plug which knit plug together int oa fibrin clot

34
Q

Activation of fibrin forming coagulation cascade

A

Begins with exposure of TF…on all cells but RBCs

35
Q

TF location

A

Subendothelial, not on actual endothelium…exposed with damage…heavy in the brain and placental villi

36
Q

Tissue factor and F7

A

Factor 7 wraps around TF…activated to become protease (F7a)…cleaves and activates factor X…factor X cleaves prothombin into thrombin

37
Q

Coagulation facotrs

A

Made in liver
F8 made in endothelium
Most are serine proteases that cleave
Factors 5 and 8 are cofactors for Fx and FIX

38
Q

Secondary hemostasis general process

A

Latent but poised (coag factors criculate as zymogens)
Multistep cascade that is amplified
Localized to site of injury

Requires platelet and cell membrane surfaces for efficient factor interaction

39
Q

Coordinated choreography

A

Cell membranes (including platelet plug) is where secondary hemostasis takes place

40
Q

Sticking to the stage (secondary)

A

Factors 7 and other serine proteases employ carboxylated glutamates to bind calcium ions

Calcium helps bind factors to cell membvranes so they can function properly

41
Q

Vitamin K role

A

Factors 7, 9, 10, prothrombin dependent and also anticoagulant proteins C and S
Glutamic acid rich tdomains in 3 structure
Gamma carboxy glutamic acids needed for interaction with membranes and calcium

42
Q

Vit K dependent protein creation

A

Gamma carbons of glutamate residues are carboxylated by Vit K dependent enzyme…needed to make functional prothrombin as well

43
Q

Vit K dependent protein structure

A

Gamma carboxylation permits interactions with calcium and cell/platelet membranes

No vitamin K—- no gamma carboxylation —- no membrane bound factor complexes

44
Q

Vit K

A 
Dietary sources 
VK2 made by gut bacteria
Def with diet or AB use 
Replacement given orally 
Subq - poor absorption in obese
IM - hematoma risk
IV - anaphylaxis risk
45
Q

Recycling of VK2

A

VK2 catalyzes gamma carboxylase and in process oxidized to VKO…VKO restored to normal form beginning with VK epoxide reductase (VKOR)

46
Q

Warfarin

A

Inhibits VKOR the VK2 recylcing function

47
Q

In vivo cascade

A

Factor 7a activates factor X which cleaves prothrombin into thrombin…these are on the phospholipid bilyaer ot TF cells

48
Q

TF bearing cells are

A

Sequestered away from vessel lumen by intact endothelium

49
Q

Initiation phase

A

INjury exposes TF…circulating F7 complexes with exposed TF and calcium…converts F7 to F7a…cleaves F10 and F9 into active forms…F10a cleaves prothrombin (F2) into thrombin (F2a)

50
Q

TFPI

A

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Modulates early secondary hemostasis by reversibly inhibiting FXa…the FXa-TFPI can then inhibit the F7a-TF complex

51
Q

Thrombin difference

A

Not membrane bound and catalyzes a bunch of reactions

52
Q

Thrombin function

A

Platelet activating substance that stimulates platelet activation and construction of platelet plug
Activates F11…begins acceleration or porpogation phase of secondary hemostasis
Cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
Activates F13…F13 cross links fibrin polymers domain E to D

53
Q

Fibrin monomers

A

Spontaneuously dimerize and polymerize

54
Q

F12 does NOT

A

Participate in secondary hemostasis in vivo…improtant in the test tube

55
Q

Key events of secondary hemostasis

A

Interaction of F7 and TF to initiate the process and generation of thrombin to propogate it

56
Q

2 parts of natural anticoag system

A

C/S and antithrombin system

57
Q

C protein

A

Serine protease activatedby thrombin during secondayr hemostasis…thrombin complexes with thrombomodulin bound to uninjured endothelial membrane adjacent to injury

58
Q

Protein S

A

Cofactor for protein C

Activated complex cleaves F5a and F8a

59
Q

Sequence of C/S systme

A

F7a-TF complex cleaves F10 into F10a at site of injury
F10a complexes with activated cofactor F5a and cleaving prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin complexes with TM on uninjured membrane and cleaves protein C to APC…APC complexes with protein S to cleave F5a and F8a (cofactors to F10 and F9) into inactive forms

Inhibition of F5 and F8 slows down the clotting cascade just adjacent to the injury

Basically makes sure clot doesn’t spill over

60
Q

Antithrombin system

A

Keeps circulation moving by preventing unwanted clot formation from happening in first place

AT is a weak inhibitor of serine proteases but when complexed with heparans, it becomes much more active and can inhibt all of the serine proteases in procoag cascade

61
Q

Heparans

A

Natural ligand for AT
Bound to surface of endothelial cells
Role in inhibiting unwanted coagulation
Circulation is naturally “heparanzed” in vicinity of endothelium

62
Q

Fibrinolytic system

A

Limit size of clot formation and lyse the clot when job is done…also role in resolution of pathologic thrombosis

63
Q

Plasmin

A

Serine protease that lyses clots by cleaving fibrin molecules…can also cleave fibrinogen
Circulates as plasminogen and activated by tPA (tissue type plasminogen activator) which is made inthe endotheluum

64
Q

tPA

A

Made by neodthelial cells and Release in response to stress or vascular occlusion

Low affinity for circulating plasminogen but high affinity for fibrin wihtin a thrombus…binds and activates local plasminogen resulting in fibrin spcific physiologic fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysis does not occur diffusely but localized othe clot

65
Q

PAI-1

A

Inhibits tPA

PAI-1 def would allow overactivity of tPA leading to pleeding

66
Q

alpha 2 antiplasmin

A

Serine protease inhibitor which inactivates circulating plasmin…when complexed with fibrin, helps retard firbrin degradation

67
Q

Summation of fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin holds togehter platelet plug with attached plasminogen and plasmin…tPA released andbound to fibrin…cleaves plasminogen to plasmin which in turn cleaves fibrin and releases fibrin degradation products into circulation…free plasmin escaping clot is captured by alpha 2 antiplasmin and not allowed to float away

68
Q

How is fibrinolysis modulated

A

At the beginning by PAI-1 that degrades tPA

69
Q

D-dimer

A

Specific cleavage product of cross linked firbin that is normally measured

Fibrinogen made into mesh by thrombin and then crosslinked by factor 13…plasmin then cuts into D dimer

70
Q

D dimer measurement

A

Elevation demonstrates PRIOR formation of cross linked fibrin
Expected to be elevated in known VTE, traume, or recent surgery
Negative predictive value - if not elevated, helps rule out VTE in cases of suspected PE

Heme/Lymph 1 (14 decks)

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