Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards by Garrett Oberst

Blood consists of

Formed elements (cells) and amorphous ground usbstance (serum)

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Blood and fibers

Blood contains no fibers but upon injury, fibrinogen can form fibers

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Blood develops from

Mesenchyme

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Hematocrit and normal values

Percentage volume of blood by erythrocytes

Normal - 45%…lower=anemia

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RBC appearance

Biconcave disc

Rouleaux formation forming columns

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Reticulocytes and appearance

Immature RBCs…slightly basophilic from residual rRNA from hemoglobin synthesis (Howell Jolly bodies)

Basophilia lost after 2 days in circulation

1-2% of peripheral blood

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Elevation in reticulocytes means

Increase in RBC production

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Anemia

Decrease in blood concentration of hemoglobin due to reduced number of total RBCs or decrease in individual hemoglobin content

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Platelets - origin and apperance

From megakaryocyte cytoplasm
Also called thrombocytes
Disc-like
Hyalomere outer zone of cytoskeleton (MTs_
Inner granulomere containing serotonin (vasoconstrictor) or other coagulation components

NO NUCLEUS

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Granular leukocytes

Segmented nuclei and non-dividing terminal cells with life span of a few days…contain primary and secondary granules…include neutro, baso, and eosino

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Agranular leukocytes

Nuclei are round or indented and contain only primary granules…lymphos and monos

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Specific granules

Secondary granules

Found only in granulocytes and have specific functions in cell…characterized by staining properties

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Azurophilic granules

Primary granules…function as lysosomes

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Neutrophil appearance, lifespan, and function

Segmented (2-5 lobe) nucleus increasing with age
Basophilic nucleus
Can see drum-stick appendage or Barr body
Lots of neutrophilic granules and fewer azurophilic granules
Circulate 9-10 hours and enter connective tissue…live 1-2 days
Acute inflammation
Become PMLs after they leave blood

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Band neutrophils

Immature neutrophils (1-2%)

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Neutrohpilia could mean

Acute response to bacterial infection

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Shift to the left

Increase in number of immature neutros leaving bone marrow and entering peripheral blood

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Eosinophil appearance, function, lifespan

2 lobe nucleus
Specific granules exhibit crystalline core and similar to lysosomes
Circulate 1-10 hours
Allergic responses (ag/ab) and can clog kidneys

Eosinophilia indicates

Allergic reaction

Eosinophils produce

HIstaminase and aryl sulfatase B

Basophil appearance function and lifespan

Bi-lobed nucleus 
Granules with heparin and histamine 
Systemic allergic reactions and type 1 hypersensitivity reactions 
Found in phagocytic 
Large blue granules

Hematopoeisis

Blood cell formation

Hematopoietic tissues

Where hematopoiesis occurs
Begins in wall of yolk sac
By 6th week moves to liver where erythropoiesis is more pronounced than myelopoeisis
Post-natal sites are bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus

Erythropoiesis

In bone marrow producing RBCs

Lymphopoesis

Occurs in bone marrow and lymph tissue and makes lymphcytes

Myelopoesis

producing granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets in bone marrow

Bone marrow location

In medullary cavity of young long bones and space of spongy bone...replcaed by yellow throughout life...highly cellular connective tissue specialized for development of blood cells

Bone marrow functions

Initially - growth and remodeling of bone | Secondarily - hematopoetic

Bone marrow structure

Blood sinuses and spong-like network of hematopoetic cells that lie in cords between sinuses

BM components

Reticular conn tissue stroma Hematopoietic cords Venous sinuses

Reticular conn tissue stroma

Fromed from reticular cells and fibers (Type 3 collagen)...support developing blood cells and separate from endothelium...secrete CSF

Hematopoetic cords

Make up parenchyma...filled with blood cells of all type and stages...nests occupy different sites in marrow cords

Venous sinuses

THin walled vessels positioned between arteries and veins

How does new cell enter ciruclation?

Penetrate endothelium via diapedesis

Macrophages located

Close to venous sinuses

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells are

Multipotential

CFUs

Erythroid, megakaryoctye, baso, eosino, and granulocyte-macrophage (monos and neutros_

What regulates hematopoiesis>

Glycoprotein hormones and stimulating factors

Erythropoetin

Controls RBC production

How are RBCs distinguished vs. others

RBCs on basis of color of cytoplasm | Others based on nucleus and granule color

Erythroid lineage

Basophilic erythroblast - deep blue because rRNA...from proerythroblast and can divide by mitosis Polychromatophilic erythroblast - gray...last stage cells can dfivide Orthochromatic erythroblast - pink Reticulocyte - pink with small rRNA present...mature into RBCS after 1 day in circulation** RBC - sac of hemoglobin

Myeloid lineage

Promyelocyte - ROund and foamy looking nucleus....only primary granule sythesis Myleocyte - Slight indentation...starts to accumulate specific granules...last myeloid cell capable of mitosis Metamyelocyte - markedly indented and post-mitotic Band form - nucleus U shaped but not segmeneted Mature cell- SEGS with segemented granules

Platelet formation

Undergo endoreduplication to cause multilobulated nucleus sER is important Strips of platelets (cytoplasmic segmenets of megakaryocytes) differentiate into individual platelets