The Head Flashcards
What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis and syndesmosis
What were the five types of sutures based on Latin groupings?
serrate, denticulate, limbous, squamous and harmonia
What are the characteristics of a sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochrondral ossificaton
Which sutures demonstrate non-interlock, but wil overlap their edges?
squamous sutures
What were the classifications of sutura notha (false sutures) based on Latin groupings?
squamous and harmonia
What are the typical examples of the plane suture or harmonia suture?
cruciate suture made up of the intermaxillary, interpalatine and palato-maxillary sutures
What are the examples of the schindylesis type of suture?
sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation, the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation
What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?
maxilla - root of the tooth, mandible - root of the tooth
What are the five views of the skull called?
norma verticalis, norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, normas lateralis, norma basalis
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with the parietal bones?
the anterior fontanelle
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with the parietal bones?
the posterior fontanelle
What is the glabella?
the elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
the piriform aperature
What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
canine eminence
What forms a bullet like chin?
a large mental protuberance
What forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
What bones form the pterion?
parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal bones
What points on the skull are used to measure skull size?
the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
the nasion, vertex and inion
The olfactory nerve exits the cranial vault via what opening?
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
What are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and opthalmic artery
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
the opthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the opthalmic division of the trigeminal and the abducent nerve
What are the contents of the foramen rotundum?
the maxillary division of the trigeminal (cranial nerve Vb)
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nere and the middle meningeal artery
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
cranial berves VII (facial) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tmpanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)
What can the 5 layers of the scalp spell?
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, periosteum…SCALP
What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
internal carotid and external carotid artery branches
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all three divisions: opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
Which ventral rami branches supply the scalp?
greater auricular and lesser occipital nerves
Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?
greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris, procerus & risorius
What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?
branchial efferent (BE)
Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?
the stylomastoid foramen
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
the tentorium cerebelli
What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
none; the tentorium cerebelli separates the the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa
What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
The optic canal is located along which wall of the orbit?
superior wall of the orbit
What are the contents of the optic canal?
optic nerve and opthalmic artery
What are the openings located along the medial wall of the orbit?
anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit
lamina papyracea
The superior orbital fissure is located along which wall of the orbit?
lateral wall of the orbit
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
oculomotor, trochlear & abducent/abducens cranial nerves
opthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve & opthalmic veins
What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
inferior orbital fissure
What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
maxillary division of the trigeminal
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
tarsal or Meibomian gland
What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervations?
sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways
How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways from CNS to target cell?
two motor neurons
What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?
typically a ganglion
Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
facial and trigeminal (maxillary and opthalmic divisions/branches)
What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2
What is the target of the preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?
the VE fiber ascends to the superior cervical ganglion to synapse
Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into the duct system
What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
fibrous tunic, uveal tract and retina
What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?
cornea and sclera
What are the parts of uveal tract of the eyeball?
iris, ciliary body, choroid and pupil
What muscles are present in the iris?
sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
What is the innervation of the sphincter papillae?
oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway
What is the function of the rod cell?
provide vision in dim light conditions
What is the function of the cone cell?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
rod cell
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
What occurs at the optic chiasma?
part of the optic nerve decussates
What is the location of the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
between the cornea and iris
What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
between the iris and the lens
What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?
vitreous chamber
What fills the vitreous chamber?
vitreous body
What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all the rectus extraocular muscles
they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit
they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball
What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?
both insert onto the sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator
What is the common characteristic concerning the insertion of the superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles?
they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the coronal equator and are displaced slightly medially
What is the embryonic origin of the extraocular muscles or extrinsic muscles of the eyeball?
the skeletal muscle is derived from the somites hence somatic efferent (SE)
Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?
ciliary ganglion
What is unique about the vascular supply of the retina?
a single vessel supplies it
What vessels supply the inner tunic of the eyeball?
central artery of the retina
What is the name given to the goats beard of the auricle?
tragus
What is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle?
ponticulus
Which cranial nerve will innervate the muscles of the auricle?
the facial nerve
Sensory innervation of the auricle is derived from which nerves?
greater auricular (ventral rami C1, C2)
lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2, possibly C3)
auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular divison trigeminal)
posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial)
auricular nerve (vagus)
The lateral third of the external acoustic meatus is protected by ______.
cartilage
The medal part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by________.
temporal bone
Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?
ceruminous glands
What is cerumen?
the product of ceruminous glands forming the bulk of earwar
What are the characteristics of the parotid gland?
it is lobulated, yellowish, encapsulated and an exocrine gland
What vein is formed within the parotid gland?
the retromandibular vein
Within the parotid gland what does the facial nerve form?
the facial nerve plexus
What are the branches of the facial nerve plexus?
temporall, zygomatic, buccal , marginal mandibular, and cervical branches
What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but it not given off within it?
the chorda tympani nerve
