The Growing Environment Flashcards
What degrees of latitude to grapes grow between generally?
30° and 50° either side of the equator
Why do large bodies of water impact nearby vineyards?
Water heats up and cools down more slowly than dry land
The warmth of the body of water keeps the local area warmer
Cooler summers, milder winters
What can affect vineyard temperatures in coastal regions?
Ocean currents
What causes El Niño?
When warm water in the pacific moves east along the equator towards the Carribean, the Eastern Pacific becomes warmer than average
What happens in El Niño?
High levels of rainfall & risk of hurricanes i California and South America
Warmer temps & drier conditions to Washington & Oregon
Brings warmer temps & drought conditions to western side of Pacific (Australia)
What causes La Niña?
When the eastern Pacific is cooler than average
What is the effect of La Niña?
Drier, warmer conditions in California & South America
Cooler, wetter conditions in Washington & Oregon
Cooler, wetter conditions in western side of Pacific (Australia)
What is the Zonda in Mendoza?
A warm air
What does a wind that has travelled over hot land masses bring?
Warm air
Why may you plant trees around a vineyard?
To protect from damaging winds
Why would sandy soils be adventageous in a cool climate area?
Sandy soils are free draining and therefore heat up quicker than damp soils
Rising soil temperatures stimulate budburst and growth
Why would light coloured soils be beneficial in cool & cloudy climates?
They reflect some energy from solar radiation, helping to increase photosynthesis & grale ripening in late ripening varieties
What is dense mist?
Fog
How might regular mist & fog be beneficial to a vineyard in a warm area
It can slow down sugar accumulation and acid degredation
What is a diurnal range?
The difference between daytime & nighttime temperatures
Why would a high diurnal range be favourable in a warm or hot climate area?
Cool nighttime temperatures can slow acid respiration
Can be beneficial for anthocyanin formation
Why would a low diurnal range be favourable in cool or moderate climates?
Nighttime temperatures still allow ripening
How much water does a vine need per year in a cool and warm region?
Cool - 500mm
Warm - 750mm
What is transpiration?
Transpiration is when water vapour diffuses out of the stomata on the underside of the leaves. This loss of water causes water to be pulled upwards from the soil, through the roots and the above ground parts of the vine.
Why are waterlogged soils harmful to the vine?
They reduce oxygen availability to the roots
What is special about Albariza soil?
Albariza soil in Jerez has good water retention which releases slowly. It also forms a crust which reduces evaporation
Why would a sloped vineyard be beneficial in a rainy area?
The water will run off and less will be absorbed by the soil
What is evapotranspiration rate?
The amount of transpiration from the vine combined with the evaporation of water from the soils surface
What effect does Nitrogen have on a vine?
It is a component of proteins and chlorophyll
What will happen to a vine with a lack of Nitrogen?
Reduced vigour and yellowing leaves
What is loam?
Soil type with moderate proportions of clay, sand and silt. May also have some larger rock fragments
What is soil structure?
It describes how the mineral particles in the soil crumbs (aggregates)
What is humus?
Organic matter in the soil formed by partial decomposition of plant + animal matter. Helps to bind soil together
How are Growing Degrees Days calculated?
Subtract 10 from the mean temp of a month in the growing season.
Multiply this by the number of days in that month.
Make the same calculation for each month of growing season and add together to get GDD
How many bands are there in the GDD model?
5 bands - Winkler zone I to V
What does MJT stand for?
Mean January/July Temperature
How are temperatures split up in MJT?
Into 6 bands to aid description from cold to very hot
How is Growing Season Temperature calculated?
Uses the mean temperature of the whole growing season and then grouped into climatic bands from cold to hot
Describe a Maritime climate
Low annual differences between summer and winter temperatures
Rainfall relatively evenly spread throughout the whole year
Describe a Mediterranean climate
Low annual differences between summer and winter temperatures
Annual rainfall tends to fall in winter months, giving dry summers
Describe a Continental climate
More extreme differences between summer and winter temperatures
Often have short summers and cold winters with temperatures rapidly changing in spring + autumn
What is a cool climate?
Average GST of 16.5°C
What is a Moderate climate?
Average GST of 16.5°C to 18.5°C
What is a warm climate?
Average GST of 18.5°C to 21°C
What is a hot climate?
Average GST of over 21°C
What is continentality?
The measure of the difference between annual mean temperatures of the hottest and coldest months
What kind of regions have high continentality?
Regions that are far inland or protected from ocean influences
What is weather?
The annual variation that happens relative to the climatic average
What are the key features of Organic Viticulture?
Compost
Natural Fertilisers
Cover Crops
Reduction of Monoculture
Which rootstocks are tolerant of root-knot nematodes?
Ramsey and Dog Ridge (both vitis-champini)
What rootstocks are tolerant of water logged soil?
Rootstocks based on V.riparia
What rootstock is tolerant of soils with higher salt levels?
V.berlandieri (1103P)
What rootstocks are a hybrid of V.rupestris and V.berlandieri?
110R and 140R
Which rootstocks have a high tolerance to acidic soils?
99R +110R (Rupestris + Berlandieri hybrid)
Which rootstocks can be tolerant of soils with high lime content (high pH)?
41B (Berlandieri)
What are some low vigour rootstocks?
420A + 3309C (Riparia)
What is a high vigour rootstock?
140R (Rupestris)
