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The Vine > The Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Growing Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What effects does a temperature below 10 degrees have?

A

Dormancy

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2
Q

What effects does a temperature above 10 degrees have?

A

Budburst.
Warm soil also promotes bud burst

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3
Q

What temperature does photosynthesis work at?

A

18-33
(Helps with new shoots and leaves)

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4
Q

What temperature does successful fruit set and flowering need?

A

Above 17 degrees

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5
Q

What temperature does bud fruitfulness need?

A

Above 25 degrees

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6
Q

What are the effects of sunlight on the vine?

A

Needs 1/3 sunlight
Enhances development of anthocyanins, reduces methoxypyrazines.
Increases aroma cs & ps, terpenes
Greater accumulation of tannins pre veraison, and polymerisation after veraison

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7
Q

Give examples of countries in low latitude

A

Mendoza, Argentina, South Africa

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8
Q

Give examples of countries in high altitude

A

Mosel, Germany, Burgundy, France

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9
Q

Explain how solar radiation hits the earth in high and low latitudes

A

Solar radiation absorbed and scattered as it travels through earth’s atmosphere- at high latitudes it decreases in intensity.
Earth’s curvature means nearer the poles- radiation must travel through larger section of atmosphere to reach earth’s surface.
Radiation hits earth at low angle, so radiation spread over larger area.
Latitude for WM= 30-50

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10
Q

How does the number of day light hours in high and low latitude areas affect the grapes?

A

High latitude= similar daylight hours all seasons of year.
Low latitude= longer daylight hours in summer, shorter in winter. This permits longer duration of time which photosynthesis can take place in growing season.
Grapes at low latitude= high sugar, low acidity, ripe aromas, high and ripe tannins, more colour intensity.

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11
Q

How do slopes and aspect affect the growing environment?

A

Solar radiation hits earth at low angle and high latitudes. Slope increases this angle= increasing heat intensity of heat and light.

Slopes facing East benefit from morning sun- heats up atmosphere when air and soil temp at lowest. Extends vine growth and grape ripening each day. Grape canopy also dries out quicker- less disease.

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12
Q

How does proximity to water affect the growing environment?

A

e.g.- Margeaux- warm climate due to Gulf Stream from gulf of Mexico.
e.g.- West Coast of North America (Oregon) cooled by cold Cali current- flows from Northern Pacific
El Nino and La Nina (more cards on this)

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13
Q

Describe El Nino Southern Oscillation

A

Warm water in Western Pacific ocean moves east along equator towards the Caribbean. Eastern Pacific ocean becomes warmer than av = high rainfall and hurricanes in S.America and Cali.
Warm and drier- Northerly Washington and Oregon
Warm and drought- Australia. (Extreme vine stress and damage).
Happens every 3-7 years.

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14
Q

Describe La Nina

A

Eastern part of Pacific cooler than average.
= cooler, wetter in Washington, Oregon and Australia
= warmer and drier in Cali and S America

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15
Q

How do different soil temperatures affect the growing environment?

A

Soils that drain quickly- eg sandy/stony- warm up quicker in Spring than damp.
Rising soil temps encourages breakdown of starch in roots, stimulates budburst and shoot growth. = extends ripening period, but also frost.
Warmer soils= root growth= vine can absorb more water and nutrients.

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16
Q

How do different coloured soils affect the growing environment?

A

Light- chalk (Sancerre, Champagne)- reflect energy from solar radiation.
Dark- eg volcanic eg Etna- absorbs more energy and re-radiates most of it when temps are cooler, eg at night.
- allows development of colour and degradation of acid to continue through the night.
- same with stony soils- stone and water good conductors compared to air.

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17
Q

How are mists formed?

A

Formed when warm air cooled rapidly- causing water vapour in air to condense.
Tiny drops of water collecting in air just above area of ground or water.

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18
Q

What can the affects of mist, fog and clouds have to the growing environment?

A

Sunlight limited= less photosynthesis.
Less solar radiation= low temps= slow down sugar accumulation and acid degradation- can be beneficial in warmer climates?
Can increase humidity= fungal disease. If dry hot afternoons= noble rot= Sauternes etc.

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19
Q

What is diurnal range and how does this help the growing environment?

A

-Average difference between day and nighttime temperatures.
-Continental- higher diurnal range, near water- lower.
-Helps= slows respiration of malic acid= formation of anthocyanins (day time temp to hot) and breakdown of methoxypyrazines.
-In cool temps- low diurnal good= still allows ripening at night time temps, and retains aroma compounds (rotundone).

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20
Q

How many mm of rain does the vine need in cool and warm climates?

A

500mm- cool
750mm- warm

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21
Q

What are the main reasons a vine needs water during the growing environment?

A

Turgidity (so vine doesn’t wilt)
Photosynthesis
Regulate temperature
Solvent for nutrients

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22
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Water vapour diffuses out of stomata on underside of vine leaves.
Loss of water from cells causes water to be pulled upwards from soil, through roots and above ground parts of the vine.

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23
Q

What happens if there is too much water available to the vine during the growing season?

A

More vegetative growth= competition for vine sugars= delay and compromise ripening.
Excessive canopy- reduced formation of anthocyanins, tannins, aroma compounds, less tannin polymerisation and high levels of methoxypyrazines.
Fungal disease.

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24
Q

What are the natural factors that affect water availability

A

Rainfall- caused by water vapour condensing and precipitating. Warm temps cause moisture from land to evaporate. As warm moist air rises in atmosphere, cools and condenses into clouds then rain.
Topography- mountain ranges forces winds of moist air up over high altitudes- causes water vapour cool, condense, precipitate.
One side of mountain- rain, other side sheltered, ‘rain shadow’.
- e.g. Washington State= dry- on West of Cascade mountains
Puget Sounds- cooler and wetter- on East of Cascade Mountains

25
Q

In terms of soil, what does the amount of water available depend on?

A

How easily the water drains.
Water holding properties of soil (soils texture and organic matter contents).
Soil depth.
e.g- Hawkes Bay receive 1,000mm rain annually, but free draining soils in Gimblett Gravels area= irrigation required
e.g- Jerez- receive 650mm rain annually and no rainfall, but have albariza soil= good water retention and releases water slowly to vines.
^ soil forms crust when dry, stopping evaporation.

26
Q

How do characteristics of land affect water availability?

A

Topography- great surface run off from slopes. = less penetration of water available to roots. Good in areas of high rainfall.

27
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

When water leaves the vine as a result of transpiration, combined with water evaporating from the soil surface.
The rate at which water is no longer available- taken up by vine or lost to atmosphere.

28
Q

What does evapotranspiration depend on?

A

Temperature, humidity and wind

29
Q

What is nitrogen essential for in the growing environment?

A

Vine growth

30
Q

What does too much nitrogen do during the growing environment?

A

Excessive vegetative growth

31
Q

What does too little nitrogen do during the growing environment do?

A

Reduced vigour and yellows the leaves

32
Q

What is potassium essential for during the growing environment?

A

Vine growth and regulates water flow in vine.

33
Q

What does too much potassium do during the growing environment?

A

Problems in uptake of magnesium= reduced yields and poor ripening.
Also too much potassium in grapes- effects wine quality.

34
Q

What does phosphorus do during the growing environment?

A

Important for photosynthesis. Vines only need small amount, usually enough in soil

35
Q

What does a lack of phosphorus do during the growing season?

A

Poorly developed roots, reduced, vine growth, lower growth

36
Q

What does calcium do during the vine growth?

A

Structure of plant cells and photosynthesis

37
Q

What does a deficiency in calcium do?

A

Bad for fruit set (bones- bones are hard- fruit set is hard grapes)

38
Q

What does magnesium do during vine growth?

A

Found in chlorophyll and key role in photosynthesis

39
Q

What does a deficiency in magnesium do?

A

Reduced grape yields and poor ripening

40
Q

How does the vine get nutrients from the soil?

A

Nutrients dissolve in the soil water, roots take this up to the vine.

41
Q

How does soil PH affect nutrient uptake?

A

Iron poor soils with high PH= chlorosis= struggle to take up phosphorus in high acidic soils.

42
Q

How do organic nutrient compounds affect nutrient uptake?

A

Organic matter (manure/compost) in or added to soils.
Needs to be converted to inorganic matter (by bacteria, fungi, earthworms)= mineralisation.

43
Q

Which soils are good and bad at holding nutrients in the soil?

A

Clay- good
Sandy-bad

44
Q

What is soil?

A

Geological sediment, organic remains in form of humus, and pores of air and water between sediment.

45
Q

What does soil do for the vine?

A

Supports root growth, takes up water and nutrients to the vine.
Also key habitat for animals and microbes

46
Q

What is soil tuexture?

A

Proportions of mineral particles of sand, silt, clay.

47
Q

What is the texture of clay soils?

A

Finely textured- effective at holding nutrients and water.Wha

48
Q

What is the texture of sandy soils?

A

Largely textured- not so effective at holding water and nutrients. Although easier for roots to grow.

49
Q

What is the texture of silt soils?

A

Intermediate sized particles, between sand and clay.

50
Q

What is the texture of loam soils?

A

Moderate proportions of clay, sand, silt.

51
Q

What is the structure of soil?

A

How the mineral particles in the soil form aggregates (crumbs).
Size, shape, stability of crumbs important for:
-drainage
-workability of the soil
-root growth

52
Q

What does the suitability of the soil depend on?

A

Texture, structure, how roots able to penetrate, climate.

53
Q

What is Growing Degree Days and how do you figure it out?

A

Subtract 10 C/50 F (temp vines can’t grow) by av mean temp of a month in growing season.
Multiply by number of days in that month
Do the same for each month in growing season (April October- SH, October- April- NH).
Add totals= GDD.
Grouped into 5 bands:
Winkler Zone I- cool
Winkler Zone V- v hot

54
Q

What is the Huglin index?

A

Same as GDD, but also uses mean and max temps, and increased day length at higher latitudes.
Split into bands, most suitable grape varieties mapped to each range.

55
Q

What is mean temp of warmest month (MJJ)?

A

Calculates mean temp of warmest month (July nh, January-sh).
As well as measure of continentality, humidity and hours of sunshine. Split into 60 bands.

56
Q

What is temperature to be classified as a cool climate?

A

16.5 or below

57
Q

What is temperature to be classified as a moderate climate?

A

16.5-18.5

58
Q

What is temperature to be classified as a warm climate?

A

18.5-21

59
Q

What is temperature to be classified as a hot climate?

A

21 and over

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