The globalisation of world politics (textbook) - chapter 9 Realism Flashcards
What does the realist tradition emphasise?
The power-seeking behaviour of human beings and the constant uncertainty of foreign politics - anarchy.
What does realism aim to do in its explanation of foreign policy?
Foreign policy in realism aims to explain the world as it is and not how they wish it to be.
When and why did realism grow to prominence?
Realism grew to prominence in the mid twentieth century in reaction to the failure of international organisations to end major war between great powers.
What is the key actor in Realism and what are the interests for this actor?
The key actor is the state and the national interest is the motivator of the state. The national interest in the case of realism is power.
What is the view of human nature and morality/judgement from a Realist’s perspective?
They view human nature as essentially selfish and egotistical (but not all realists think like this). This is furthered by Machiavelli who argued that men are excessively self interested. Various arguments of morality and judgement are shown in Realism. This includes the Machiavellei view that morality of the state is subject to the ‘reason of state’ which is the consequences of the states survival; morality is judged according to pubic support and legitimacy; morality and military capabilities go hand in hand.
What is the fundamental trait of states?
Sovereignty. This is defined as the legitimacy to use both force internally and externally and the supreme authority to make and enforce laws within its territorial space.
Due to anarchy what is the states primary aim?
To guarantee survival and security.
What is the security dilemma and how is it linked to anarchy and how is this further exacerbated?
The state of anarchy and a lack of international order raises the security dilemma due to their being no overarching power. This means that in raising the security of one state, another states power is decreased. This is exacerbated by the lack of knowledge and information on other states aims, where an increase in defensive capabilities may be perceived as a defensive measure, generating a spiral of uncertainty.
How did Morgenthau describe power?
As man’s control over the minds and actions of other men and that the struggle for power is universal in time and space.
In realism when is international conflict possible?
it is always possible due to the struggle for power, uncertainty and the ability to use power offensively and defensively.
How does Kenneth Waltz (neorealist) measure power?
He uses the term capabilities. This encompasses size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and competence.
What condition defines the interaction of states in realism?
The state of anarchy, with each state striving to accumulate power to guarantee its survival.
What factors do states compete on within the condition of anarchy?
Power, economic profit, security, and influence.
Why is cooperation difficult under the state of anarchy?
It would be difficult under anarchy as each state is focused on its national interests so arriving at a common principle would be very difficult.
What do neorealists see as the main constraint of the international system and what is the main instrument for states to guarantee their survival?
Neorealists see the anarchic structure as the main constraint on state behaviour. This thus leads to the principle of the balance of power which is the main instrument for states to guarantee their survival.
What is core proposition of the balance of power theory?
Hegemonies do not form in multi-state systems because perceived threats of hegemony over the system generate balancing behaviour by other leading states in the system i.e a group of smaller states form to combat the hegemony which prevents conflicts.
