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Molecular Cell Biology > The genome > Flashcards

The genome Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Adenine bind to?

A

Thymine

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2
Q

What does Cytosine bind to?

A

Guanine

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3
Q

What three things make up a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate, sugar and a base

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4
Q

The sugar phosphate backbone is held together by what type of bonds?

A

covalent

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5
Q

what type of bonds form between DNA bases?

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

How many hydrogen bonds forms between Thymine and Adenine?

A

2

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7
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3

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8
Q

What direction is a gene read in?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

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9
Q

nucleotides are subunits of …….

A

nucleic acids

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10
Q

How many carbons are in the sugar on a nucleotide?

A

5

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11
Q

Ribonuncleic acid is single or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

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12
Q

Why is ribonucleic acid so unstable?

A

because it is single stranded

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13
Q

Deoxyribose is so stable because….

A

its double stranded, therefore can form a helix

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14
Q

Pyrimidine is a single of double ring structure?

A

single

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15
Q

Purine is a single or double ring structure?

A

double

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16
Q

What 2 bases are pyrimidine compounds?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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17
Q

What 2 bases are Purine compounds

A

Guanine and Adenine

18
Q

What bonds link nucleotides together?

A

phosphodiester bonds

19
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond between in DNA structure?

A

A 3 carbon on a sugar molecule, and the 5th carbon of another sugar

20
Q

describe the beads on a string model?

A

Lines of DNA wound round histones

21
Q

what is a nucleosome?

A

a length of DNA coiled around a histone

22
Q

when would you see DNA in the shape of a mitotic chromosome?

A

during mitosis (replication and division)

23
Q

what histones make up a nucleosome?

A

8 histones (octamer)
x2 H2A, H2B
x3 H3, H4

24
Q

Are histones positively charged?

A

yes

25
Q

Is DNA positively charged?

A

no

26
Q

to go from beads on a string to finer structure of DNA what extra histone do you need?

A

H1

27
Q

What does H1 do?

A

allows the DNA to fold back on itself

28
Q

What two methods allow for DNA replication (Allow access to enzymes)?

A
  1. Chromatic remodelling complexes

2. Histone modifying enzymes (add or remove methyl, acetyl or phosphate)

29
Q

What do histone modifying enzymes do?

A

They add or remove acetyl, methyl and phosphate

30
Q

How to histone modifying enzymes work? **

A

They remove the positive charge on the histone group, so the DNA attached no longer has affinity for it. Histone becomes neutral. DNA then is ‘unpackaged’

31
Q

Is euchromatin or heterochromatin more coiled?

A

euchromatin - loosely packed and uncoiled

32
Q

Is heterochromatin genetically inactive?

A

yes

33
Q

Supercoiling of Beta Globin or the HBB gene causes what blood disorder….

A

severe anaemia

no mutation- gene just folded up a bit too tightly

34
Q

Supercoiling can affect the way genes are ……..

A

expressed

35
Q

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is a ……… disease

A

chromatin

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Rubinstein-Taybi

A

Braod thumbs and broad big toes
retardation
facial abnormalities

37
Q

how common is Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome

A

1 in 100,000

38
Q

what causes Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome?

A

mutation in histone acetyl-transferase - how they fold

39
Q

How many pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes do we have?

A

22 pairs

and 2 sex chromosomes (46 in total)

40
Q

Most human cells are diploid or haploid?

A

diploid (2 copies)

41
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

an individuals collection of chromosomes

42
Q

Down syndrome affects which chromosome?

A

21, trisomy

Molecular Cell Biology (2 decks)

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