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Molecular Cell Biology > Cell organelles > Flashcards

Cell organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

When is cell is polarised, what does this mean?

A

There are spatial differences in structure and function- asymmetric

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2
Q

What way does the apical membrane face?

A

faces the lumen or external environment

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3
Q

What way does the basal membrane face?

A

Facing the basement membrane, or inside of the body

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4
Q

What size are Eukaryotes generally?

A

5 micrometers or more

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5
Q

What size are Prokaryotes generally?

A

1-5 micrometers

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6
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Makes ribosomal RNA

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7
Q

What do glycolipids provide in the PM?

A

provide binding sites for proteins

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8
Q

What do oligosaccharides side chains do in the PM?

A

provide bindings sites for proteins, and act as cell recognition sites

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9
Q

Where do you find integral proteins on the PM?

A

they span the length

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10
Q

Where do you find peripheral proteins on the PM?

A

one side of the lipid bilayer

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11
Q

What are the 2 roles of the plasma membrane?

A

1) mediates communication

2) Regulates transport of solutes

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12
Q

Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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13
Q

What is the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid formed of?

A

Choline, phosphate and glycerol

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14
Q

What are the tails of a phospholipid formed of?

A

hydrocarbons

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15
Q

What makes a hydrocarbon tail of a phospholipid bent?

A

A CIS double bond

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16
Q

Is a phospholipid head polar?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Is a phospholipid tail polar?

A

no, non polar

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18
Q

Adding bent tails to a phospholipid bilayer make it ……. fluid

A

less

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19
Q

Cholesterol makes the phospholipid bilayer more or less fluid

A

less

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20
Q

Why can ethanol pass through a membrane passively ?

A

Because it is a small molecule and is not charged

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21
Q

Water and Urea are only slightly permeable to membranes due to what 2 characteristics?

A

1) the molecules are small but polar

2) the molecules are uncharged

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22
Q

Why is glucose impermeable to the cell surface membrane passively?

A

it is a large molecule and is polar

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23
Q

Why can’t ATP, Proteins and Amino Acids pass through the membrane passively? 2 things

A

they are charged and polar

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24
Q

What do Anchors do as proteins in the membrane?

A

link intracellular actin filaments to extracellular matrix proteins

25
Q

is the outer membrane of the mitochondria permeable?

A

Yes

26
Q

Is the inner membrane of the mitochondria permeable?

A

not so permeable

27
Q

How does the mitochondria make its own proteins?

A

It has its own DNA

28
Q

In the ETC how is a H ion gradient harvested?>

A

ATP synthase

29
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

to sort, pack and modifiy proteins

30
Q

What is the basic structure of peroxisomes?

A

cytoplasmic vesicles

31
Q

What do peroxisomes do, and using what process?

A

Break down ethanol and fatty acids, oxidation

32
Q

What is the basic structure of lysosomes?

A

cytoplasmic vesicles

33
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

to digest intracellular bodies using degradative enzymes

34
Q

What does the ER do?

A

synthesis of lipids and proteins

35
Q

What does the nucleus hold, and what happens there?

A

DNA, genome and RNA synthesis

36
Q

What do endosomes do?

A

carry endocytosed material

37
Q

Actins average diameter is?

A

7nm

38
Q

Actin’s role is to…..

A

aid movement of proteins eg. myosin

39
Q

Actin can be found in which structure of the gut?

A

microvilli

40
Q

Microtubules’ average diameter are?

A

20nm

41
Q

Microtubules are polymers of what?

A

Tubulin dimers

42
Q

A centrosome is a type of…..

A

microtubule

43
Q

The 2 roles of microtubules are too….

A

Shape a structure and aid movement of proteins

Create a train track system

44
Q

Stem cells are not terminally….

A

differentiated

45
Q

Do stem cells divide without limit?

A

yes

46
Q

What does totipotent stem cell mean?

A

have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta

47
Q

What does pluripotent stem cell mean?

A

capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta. MAKE MANY BUT NOT ALL CELL TYPES

48
Q

Most adult stem cells are….

A

multipotent stem cells

49
Q

what does multipotent stem cells mean?

A

have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

50
Q

How do Induced Pluripotent stem cells work?

A

1) Stem cells are taken from the skin of a patient
2) they are despecialised
3) made into part you want

51
Q

What is an advantage of using Induced Pluripotent stem cells?

A
  1. less ethical issues as no embryos involved
  2. no immune response as own stem cells used
  3. anything can be replaces In theory
52
Q

What is a disadvantage of Induced Pluripotent stem cells?

A
  1. could lead to cancer

2. More research needs to be done on pathways

53
Q

What is Apotosis

A

programmed cell death

54
Q

How is apoptosis stimulated?

A

by a signalling process which activate intracellular suicide proteases

55
Q

What are the 3 steps in apoptosis?

A
  1. structure breaks down
  2. Cytoskelton collapses
  3. mini cells are created and engulfed by phagocytosis
56
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell lysis / bursting

57
Q

Wha the 3 steps to necrosis?

A
  1. cell membrane is destroyed
  2. cell content is released
  3. phagocytosis and enzymes degrade further
58
Q

What can apoptosis be used to tackle?

A

cancer

Molecular Cell Biology (2 decks)

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