The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes

Question 1

the study of biologically inherited traits, including traits that are influenced in part by the environment

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

the study of all the genes in an organism to understand their molecular organization, function, interaction,and evolution

Answer 2

genomics

Question 3

the elements of heredity that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

He discovered a new type of weak acid, abundant in the nuclei of white blood cells, which turned out to be what we now call DNA.

Answer 4

Friedrich Miescher

Question 5

A new type of weak acid, abundant in the nuclei of white blood cells, discovered by Friedrich Miescher.

Answer 5

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 6

molecule of heredity

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

threadlike objects inside the nucleus that become visible in the light microscope when stained with certain dyes

Answer 7

chromosomes

Question 8

exhibit a characteristic “splitting” behavior, in which each daughter cell formed by cell division receives an identical complement of it

Answer 8

chromosomes

Question 9

He showed that when mice are injected with a mixture of living R cells and heat-killed S cells, they often die of pneumonia.

Answer 9

Frederick Griffith

Question 10

Who showed that the substance causing the transformation of R cells into S cells was DNA?

Answer 10

Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn McCarty

Question 11

The scientists who conducted experiments in the 1950s that proved DNA is the genetic material of viruses. They infected bacteria with viruses that were labeled with radioactive sulfur and phosphorus.

Answer 11

Alfred Hershey
Martha Chase

Question 12

genetic material in all cellular organisms

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

subunits of the each DNA strand

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

changes in genetic information

Answer 14

mutation

Question 15

contain genetic information in coded form in the sequence of bases

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

What do biologist refer to the individual strands of the DNA?

Answer 16

single-stranded DNA

Question 17

What do biologist refer to the double helix?

Answer 17

double-stranded DNA or duplex DNA

Question 18

copying process in which a single DNA molecule becomes two identical molecules

Answer 18

replication

Question 19

biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions

Answer 19

enzymes

Question 20

control the chemical and physical processes of the cell known as metabolism

Answer 20

proteins

Question 21

British physician, who studied genetic diseases caused by inherited defects in metabolism.

Answer 21

Archibald Garrod

Question 22

Any hereditary disease in which cellular metabolism is abnormal results from an inherited defect in an enzyme.

Answer 22

inborn errors of metabolism

Question 23

inborn errors of metabolism in which the patients excreted abnormal substances in the urine

Answer 23

alkaptonuria

Question 24

abnormal substance excreted by patients with alkaptonuria

Answer 24

homogentisic acid

Question 25

a relatively benign disease also known as black urine disease

Answer 25

alkaptonuria

Question 26

small molecules, on which the enzymes act

Answer 26

metabolites

Question 27

What is the defective enzyme of the alkaptonuria?

Answer 27

homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase

Question 28

What severe disease is due to defects in the breakdown of tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid?

Answer 28

tyrosinemia

Question 29

The experimental approach that solidified the link between genetics and biochemistry.

Answer 29

genetic analysis

Question 30

indirect route of information transfer of molecular genetics is known as

Answer 30

central dogma

Question 31

result of protein synthesis which consists of linear sequence of amino acids connected end to end

Answer 31

polypeptide chain

Question 32

a molecule which carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for polypeptide synthesis

Answer 32

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 33

where polypeptide synthesis occurs

Answer 33

ribosomes

Question 34

molecule which carries a particular amino acid as well as a three-base recognition region that base-pairs with a group of three adjacent bases in the mRNA

Answer 34

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 35

fundamental principle of molecular genetics because it summarizes how the genetic information in DNA become expressed in the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

Answer 35

central dogma

Question 36

process of making an RNA strand from a DNA template

Answer 36

transcription

Question 37

RNA molecule that is made in transcription

Answer 37

transcript

Question 38

synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of an mRNA molecule

Answer 38

translation

Question 39

the molecules that actually do the "translating"

Answer 39

tRNA

Question 40

nonoverlapping groups of three bases

Answer 40

codons

Question 41

a triplet code

Answer 41

genetic code

Question 42

the codons that specify the termination of translation and result in release of the completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome

Answer 42

stop codon

Question 43

any heritable change in gene

Answer 43

mutation

Question 44

result of a mutation

Answer 44

mutant

Question 45

illustrate the general principle that genes code for proteins and that mutant genes code for mutant proteins that can result in inherited diseases

Answer 45

inborn errors of metabolsim

Question 46

an inherited trait like phenylketonuria, which is due to mutation in a single gene because it occurs in families according to simple genetic ratios first discovered by Gregor Mendel

Answer 46

simple Mendelian trait

Question 47

These common disease where its causation is a complex interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors.

Answer 47

complex traits

Question 48

totality of DNA in a cell, nucleus, or organelles

Answer 48

genome

Question 49

"inborn error of metabolism" that block one step in a biochemical pathway for the metabolism of small molecules

Answer 49

mutant enzyme

Question 50

modern genetic techniques

Answer 50

genetic dissection of model organisms genome sequencing large-scale DNA arrays