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The genetic code and translation Flashcards

1
Q

how we go from instructions (DNA) to product (protein)

A
  1. Transcription
  2. mRNA editing/export (only in eukaryotes)
  3. Translation
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2
Q

The information contained in the DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Transcription

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3
Q

RNA copy

A

messenger RNA or mRNA

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4
Q

contains the same protein-building instructions as contained in the DNA

A

messenger RNA or mRNA

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5
Q
  • The mRNA copy is capped, given a poly-A tail, and spliced
  • Processed mRNAs are shipped out of the nucleus
A

mRNA editing/export

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6
Q
  • Cytosolic mRNA is recognized by a ribosome
  • Ribosomes read the mRNA and make a protein
A

Translation

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7
Q

Ribosomes read the mRNA and make a what

A

protein

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8
Q

Ribosomes can read what

A

protein-building instructions

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9
Q

genetic language

A

genetic code

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10
Q

Properties of the genetic code

A
  1. Location of the genetic code
  2. The letters of the alphabet
  3. How are words organized
  4. the genetic code is not overlapping?
  5. genetic code is degenerate (redundant)
  6. Which codon codes for which amino acid?
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11
Q

do nothing with DNA (genetic code is found within mRNA)

A

Ribosomes

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12
Q

contains the actual “words”
that are read by the ribosome

A

mRNA

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13
Q

Location of the genetic code

A

DNA stores the genetic information

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14
Q

mRNA contains the ribonucleotides what

A

A, U, C, G

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15
Q

read the linear order of these letters

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

How are words organized?

A

Ribosomes read nucleotides in separate small groups (words)

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17
Q

Francis Crick and others introduced point mutations
into a specific gene and monitored how they affected the amino acids

A

Experimental evidence

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18
Q

Ribosomes read the letters
in groups of what

A

3

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19
Q

The groups of 3 ribonucleotides in mRNA that are read by the ribosome are called

A

codons

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20
Q

are not separated from one another on the strand

A

codons

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21
Q

Each codon specifies only a single amino acid

A

unambiguous

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22
Q

tells the ribosome to put in the a.a. methionine

A

AUG

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23
Q

tells the ribosome to put in the a.a. lysine

A

AAA

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24
Q

The genetic code is NONOVERLAPPING or OVERLAPPING

A

NONOVERLAPPING

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25
Q

how does the ribosome read

A

reads the first three, moves down three letters and reads the second three

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26
Q

Each codon is made up of how many letters

A

3

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27
Q

how many possible codons are there

A

64

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28
Q

can multiple codon code for the same amino acid?

A

yes

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29
Q

are codons degenerate or generate

A

(IT IS DEGENERATE)

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30
Q

The last nucleotide of a codon can often be changed with no effect on a.a. which allows for a little flexibility called what

A

wobble

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31
Q

what did Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei do

A

a) Making polypeptides with artificial mRNAs

b) Triplet binding assay

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32
Q

what did Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei make polypeptides with

A

artificial mRNAs

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33
Q

how to Making polypeptides with artificial mRNAs

A

1) Developed an in vitro (test tube) translation system
2) Made artificial mRNAs containing only 1 repeated nucleotide
3) Set-up 20 different in vitro translation tubes
4) Looked to see which radioactive amino acid formed a chain

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34
Q

what did the in vitro (test tube) contain

A

ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, and translation factors

once mRNA is added Polypeptide chain is made

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35
Q

Made artificial mRNAs containing only how many repeated nucleotide

A

1

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36
Q

each tube had one different what?

A

radioactive amino acid

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37
Q

Looked to see which radioactive amino acid formed a what

A

chain

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38
Q

UUU codes for what?

A

Phe

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39
Q

TRANSFER different amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNAs

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40
Q

tRNAs fold into a complex 3-D shape that looks like a

A

cloverleaf

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41
Q

tRNAs structural regions

A
  • Amino acid binding site
  • Anticodon loop
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42
Q

Single-stranded 3’ end that binds to the amino acid

A

Amino acid binding site

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43
Q

another name of Amino acid binding site

A

(acceptor stem)

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44
Q

read the tRNA sequence and add the appropriate amino
acid to the stem

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

45
Q

at center of middle loop

A

Anticodon loop

46
Q

Sequence of three bases that is complementary to a codon in the mRNA

A

Anticodon loop

47
Q

Each type of tRNA contains a different

48
Q

Anticodons bind to the
complimentary

A

codons in mRNA

49
Q

Made an artificial mRNA consisting of just how many codon

50
Q

for Triplet binding assay tube set up what one thing is different

A

different tRNA-amino acid (radioactive)

51
Q

Look to see which radioactive amino acid is brought into the what

52
Q

which position is often unimportant

A

Third position

53
Q

H bonding is more important in what positions

A

1st and 2nd positions

54
Q

When ribosome reads what happens

A

termination occurs and protein synthesis ceases

55
Q

how many stop codons exist

56
Q

is always the start codon

57
Q

Process by which a ribosome reads the sequence of codons in a strand of mRNA and uses the information to produce a polypeptide from amino
acids

A

Translation

58
Q

Ribosomes are made up of

A

2 subunits – a small and a large

59
Q
  • Large (60S) + small (40S)
A

Eukaryotic

60
Q

Large (50S) + small (30S)

A

Prokaryotic

61
Q

what size is Prokaryotic

62
Q

what size is Eukaryotic

63
Q

how many binding sites do ribosomes have for mRNA

64
Q

how many binding sites do ribosomes have for tRNA

65
Q

Holds a tRNA that just
arrives to the ribosome

A

A (aminoacyl) site

66
Q

Holds a tRNA that contains the growing polypeptide chain

A

P (peptidyl) site

67
Q

Holds a tRNA that has already
given up its amino acid and is getting ready to exit the ribosome

A

E (exit) site

68
Q

Translation can be divided into 3 major stages

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

69
Q

Getting the ribosome ready

A

Initiation

70
Q

Several initiation factors bind to the

A

small ribosomal subunit

71
Q

are proteins that help get the ribosome/mRNA/tRNA
assembled

A

Initiation factors (IFs)

72
Q

binds to the small subunit and helps keep it apart from the large subunit

73
Q

IF2 (euk and prok) binds to an

A

initiator tRNA

74
Q

binds to an initiator tRNA
and brings it to the P site of the small subunit

A

IF2 (euk and prok)

75
Q

Initiator tRNA contains what

A

the anticodon UAC

methionine

76
Q

what is the universal start codon is

77
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what
binds to the mRNA 5’ cap

A

(collectively called IF4)

78
Q

on the mRNA interacts with IF3, which is already bound to the small subunit

79
Q

Starting at the end, the small subunit begins scanning the mRNA
until reaching the first available what

A

AUG (start codon)

80
Q

Ribosome helps identify the start codon by the presence of an
upstream what

A

Kozak sequence

81
Q

what Bacterial mRNA do bc they don’t have a cap

A

bind to ribosome via IF3 only (no
scanning from the end

82
Q

before AUG helps the ribosome find it

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

83
Q

The large subunit binds to the what

A

assembled complex

84
Q

The large ribosomal subunit comes in and attaches to the

A

small subunit complex

85
Q

Stage when the polypeptide is actually made

A

Elongation

86
Q

The initiation factor that needs to leave before the large ribosomal subunit binds to the small subunit complex is

87
Q

The ribosome reads the next codon (3 nucleotides) and the specific tRNA
with the complimentary anticodon will come into the

88
Q

Attachment of tRNAs to the ribosome
is aided by various elongation factors (EFs) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

89
Q

is removed from the 1st tRNA and enzymatically added to the amino acid on the 2nd tRNA

A

methionine

90
Q

what is formed after The methionine is removed from the 1st tRNA and enzymatically added to the amino acid on the 2nd tRNA (the one in
the A site)

A

A peptide bond is formed

91
Q

This transfer reaction is catalyzed by
the what

A

rRNA in the ribosome

92
Q

The empty (uncharged) tRNA in the P site moves into the what and exists

93
Q

tRNA movement is aided by other what

94
Q

mRNA shifts by

A

3 nucleotides

95
Q

The tRNA with the 2 amino acids moves to

96
Q

The 3rd codon is now exposed in the

97
Q

The tRNA with the complimentary anticodon comes into the

98
Q

Dipeptide on the tRNA in the P site
is transferred onto the amino acid

A

in the A site.

99
Q

The order of codons determines the order of

A

amino acid

100
Q

How are a.a. chemically-linked during
elongation?

A

The amino group of one amino acid
reacts with the carboxyl group of an
adjacent amino acid

  • Water is removed (dehydration) and
    a peptide bond is formed
101
Q

All peptides/polypeptides/proteins have 2 ends

A
  • N-terminus (a.a. 1) – Free NH2 group
  • C-terminus (last a.a.) – Free COOH group
102
Q

The process stops

A

Terminiation

103
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

104
Q

As the ribosome reads the mRNA, it eventually will arrive at

A

one of the 3 stop codons

105
Q

what happens if No tRNA has a corresponding anticodon

A

No amino acid can be added to the chain

106
Q

This acts as a signal to the ribosome that it needs to end translation

A

No tRNA has a corresponding anticodon

107
Q

bind to the ribosome and release both the mRNA and polypeptide (and cut the polypeptide from the last tRNA)

A

Protein release factors

108
Q

To maximize time and make many
copies of a protein at the same
time, what will be bound
and read by several ribosomes at
the same time

A

single mRNA

109
Q

Each ribosome moves along
the mRNA and makes a
protein – one after another

A

polyribosome
or polysome

Genetics (13 decks)

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