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Intro to Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Study of HEREDITY and VARIATION

A

genetics

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2
Q

Passing down of traits from one generation to another

A

heredity

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3
Q

Differences in inherited characteristics among members of a population

A

variation

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4
Q

Study of heredity

A

transmission genetics

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5
Q

Structure and function of individual genes

A

Molecular genetics

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6
Q

study of cancer

A

cancer genetics

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7
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulation of genes

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8
Q

study of chromosome structure

A

cytogenetics

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9
Q

Study genetic variation in populations

A

Population/Evolutionary genetics

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10
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle inside of eukaryotic cells that holds the chromsomes

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Region of a prokaryotic cell cytoplasm in which the chromosome resides

A

Nucleoid

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12
Q

Single piece of DNA + proteins

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

Defined segment of a chromosome that provides the instructions to make a
single product (a protein)

A

gene

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14
Q

2 copies = 2n =

A

DIPLOID

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15
Q

Most eukaryotic organisms have 2 copies of each chromosome in each of their

A

somatic cells

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16
Q

contain only 1 copy

A

Gamete cells

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17
Q

1 copy = 1n =

A

HAPLOID

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18
Q

Alternate forms of the same gene caused by minor differences in the DNA
sequence

A

Alleles

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19
Q

The genetic makeup of
an organism (what the genes look like

A

Genotype

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20
Q

The actual observable
characteristics that we see (blue vs. brown)

A

Phenotype

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21
Q

Information in the DNA (gene) is copied in the form of a molecule of RNA Called what

A

transcription

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22
Q

The copy (RNA) leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome, which reads the copied instructions
and makes a protein

A

translation

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23
Q

Normal flow of information

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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24
Q

traits collected from all over body and put into sperm/eggs

A

Pangenesis

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25
Q

can pass down acquired modifications

A

Lamarckian ideas

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26
Q

little person inside of gametes (homunculus)

A

Pre-formationism

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27
Q

actual mixing of genetic information

A

Blending inheritance

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28
Q

evolutionize genetics and Evolutionary and transmission genetics begin

A

Darwin and Mendel

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29
Q

Chromosomes observed and discovered to carry what

A

genetic information

30
Q

early evidence said that what was the genetic material

31
Q

how many bases do we have

32
Q

how many amino acids do we have

33
Q

Suggested DNA was repetitive ATGC-ATGC-ATGC

A

1910 Levene study

34
Q

Evidence that DNA is really the genetic material

A

Griffith transformation study (1920s)

35
Q

Demonstrated the DNA was the
transforming principle

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944)

36
Q

Used bacteriophage composed of just DNA and protein
- When infecting a cell, it injects the genetic material into the cell
- Used as instructions to make new virus particles

A

Hershey and Chase experiment (1952)

37
Q

radioactive sulfur – 35S (only labels what

38
Q

adioactive phosphorus – 32P (only labels what

39
Q

DNA absorbs at what

40
Q

Proteins absorb at wavelength

41
Q

each nucleotide contains what

A

deoxyribose

a phosphate group

and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases

42
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is composed of 4 different nucleotides which are called

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)

43
Q

the 4 nitrogen-containing bases

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)

44
Q

Each nucleotide contains a 5-carbon sugar called

A

deoxyribose

45
Q
46
Q
47
Q
48
Q
49
Q

A and G each have 2 RINGS called what

50
Q

T and C each have 1 RING called one

A

Pyrimidine

51
Q

Nucleotides are connected via what

A

a phosphodiester bond

52
Q

Nucleotides are connected between what

A

5’ phosphate group of 1 nucleotide and the 3’ OH group of
a second nucleotide

53
Q

One end of a polynucleotide will have a free 5’ phosphate called what

A

(5’ end)

54
Q

an unbound 3’ OH group called what

A

(3’ end)

55
Q
  • Determined relative ratios of A,T,C,G within DNA (from different sources)
  • Found amount of A equaled amount of T and G=C in every DNA tested
A

Erwin Chargaff

56
Q

is a double-stranded polynucleotide that adopts
a right-handed helix

57
Q

The two strands are what

A

antiparallel (opposite directions)

58
Q

what end of one interacts with what of the other

A

5’ end

3’

59
Q

Outside of each strand

A

(the backbone)

60
Q

what is Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkens model (1953)

A

1) DNA is a double-stranded polynucleotide that adopts
a right-handed helix

2) Bases lie flat in 3-D (perpendicular to axis)

  1. Outside of each strand (the backbone) Consists of sugar and phosphate groups
  2. The bases face the inside and form the hydrogen bonds with the bases from the opposite strand.

Contains alternating major and minor grooves

61
Q

Hydrogen bonds only form between A and what and C and what

A

-T (2)

-G (3)

62
Q

The type of DNA described by Watson and Crick and the type found in most normal
cells is called

63
Q

Observed when water is removed from the DNA (dehydration/high-salt)

64
Q

what kind of handed helix is A-DNA

65
Q

Observed when DNA is constructed to have mostly C-G base pairs

66
Q

what kind of handed helix is Z-DNA

67
Q

how do bacteria species (Gram positive) form protective endospores

A
  1. Remove most of their water and have a tough outer coat
  2. Produce SASPs that bind to the DNA and convert it from B to A
    - Tightens the DNA and protects it from damaging agents (e.g. UV light)
68
Q

RNA/DNA similarities

A

Helical-shaped

polynucleotide chain composed of 4 types of nucleotides

69
Q

RNA/DNA structural differences

A

RNA is mostly single-stranded

RNA does not contain the base thymine. Instead contains uracil (A-U hydrogen bond)

70
Q

The sugar in the RNA nucleotides
is what (not what)

A

RIBOSE

Deoxyribose

71
Q
72
Q
A

2-deoxyribose

Genetics (13 decks)

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