The Genetic Basis of Variability, Sample of Genetic Conditions Linked with Behaviour, Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Nature

A

Influences from our genetic endowment (what you are born with/genetic influences)

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2
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental influences that shape us

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3
Q

Theory of natural selection

A
  • Reproductive success
    • Biological evolution (genes change)
    • Adaptive (helps with survival) vs. deleterious traits (leads to death)
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4
Q

Two components of natural selection

A

Variation

Competition

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5
Q

Variation

A

Genotypes and phenotypes

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6
Q

Competition

A

For limited resources

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7
Q

Genetics

A

study of genes, how they are passed on and how they differ

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8
Q

DNA

A

sugar base with phosphate and nucleotides

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9
Q

Genes

A

small units of DNA that direct the synthesis of proteins and enzymes

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10
Q

Genome

A

A total/complete set of genetic material

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11
Q

Heredity

A

Sum of inherited traits and tendencies

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Variations of a gene

  1. Genotype
  2. Phenotype
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13
Q

Genotype

A

Organism’s genetic makeup and appearance of cells

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14
Q

Phenotype

A
  • Outward expression of an organism’s genotype
    • Observable traits and characteristics of an organism
    • Not necessarily genetic
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15
Q

Dominant traits

A
  • If present = phenotype because they suppress recessive traits
    • Observed phenotype when the individual is heterozygous
    • Phenotype will always be represented when that allele for that gene is present
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16
Q

Recessive trait

A
  • Masked by a dominant allele when a dominant and recessive allele are present for the same gene
    • Will only present itself when 2 recessive alleles for a trait are present
17
Q

Proteins

A

strings of AAs, 3 nucleotides (codon) = 1 AA

18
Q

Enzymes

A

govern processes, control cell structure and function

19
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike; in nuclei of cell, contains genes

20
Q

Meiosis

A

ell division; new sperm and ova, randomly rearranged, contains 23 indie chromosomes when done (1/2 those found in other cells)

21
Q

Mutation

A

Accidental alterations in a single gene (environmental or spontaneous)

22
Q

Hayflick number

A
  • Each cell can go through a limited number of divisions before death (~50 in humans)
    • Number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops
23
Q

Telomeres

A
  • Every reproduction of a cell, you lose a part of the telomere (which is at the end), eventually you’ll lose DNA when the telomeres run out
    * Can monitor your ageing  * Variations across species  * Heritability
24
Q

Down syndrome

A

Dr. John Down

Chromosomal aberration
Trisomy 21
Mental retardation
Alzheimer’s Disease

25
Chromosomal aberration
Rearrangement of genes with chromosomes or change in total number of chromosomes
26
Trisomy 21
3 chromosomes instead of 2
27
Physical characteristics
Facial
28
Mental retardation
2 standard deviations below the mean
29
Alzheimer's Disease
* Much earlier (30-40 years old) * Is chromosome 21 related to Alzheimer's? Likelihood of a child born with it increases with the age of the mother
30
Huntington's disease
* Dr. George Huntington * Impairment mapped to Chromosome 4 * DNA base repeat (CAG on chromosome 4) * More times repeated = more severe damage to basil ganglia (it dies) * Progressive neurodegenerative disorder * Gets worse and worse * Damages brain cells * Onset around 40, time course 10-15 years * Mothers rarely know they have it before giving birth
31
Chorea
* Abnormal involuntary movement disorder * Quick movements of feet or hands are comparable to dancing * Brief, semi-directed, irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic * Appear to flow from one muscle to the next
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Athetosis
Involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, arms, legs, and neck
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Behavioural changes of Huntington's
Depression and mood swings
34
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
* Autosomal recessive disorder * If blood levels of phenylalanine rise = severe brain damage * Inability to convert phenylalanine (found in food and artificial sweetener) to tyrosine * Build up of phenylalanine causes impaired brain development, mental retardation and seizures * Manageable if caught early; just stay away from it