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Psychology 101 > History Of Biological And Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

History Of Biological And Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Study of the soul

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2
Q

Psychological science

A

Scientific study of behaviour, the mind and brain

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3
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Study of cognitive (mental) processes

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4
Q

Biological psychology

A

Study of the biology that gives rise to cognition and behaviour

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5
Q

Cardiac hypothesis

A

Mind resides in the heart.
Heart is active and warm.
Brain is cool.
Empedocles of Acragas

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6
Q

Brain hypothesis

A

Brain is the source of behaviour and decision making.

Alcamaeon of Croton

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7
Q

What did Galen do?

A

Worked with soldiers injured in battle.
Brain hypothesis/materialism: different parts of brain damages different things.
- front damage = impaired movement and speech
- back damage = impaired senses

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8
Q

Rationalism

A

Reason way through by guessing

Descartes

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9
Q

Reflexes

A

Spinal cord (no need for brain or mind)
Brain can control them
Stimulus -> response (sensory receptors -> CNS -> muscles)
Stimulus pulls on tiny wires running up nerves to brain.
Open valves in brain, cerebral-spinal fluid enter hollow nerve-tubes leading to appropriate muscles.
Inflates muscles then move.
INCORRECT!

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10
Q

Dualism

A

Brain gives rise to the mind but the mind is not a part of the world.

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11
Q

The role of the pineal gland

A

Seat of the soul.
Between two hemispheres.
Mind interacts with body here.

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12
Q

Undifferentiated mass

A

Brain works together.

No special function or structure.

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13
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

Experimental ablation of rat brains.
Demonstrated that division of the brain = different functions
Opponent of LoF
Other parts of brain can take over function of damaged ones

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14
Q

Franz Josef Gall

A

Phrenology

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15
Q

Localization of function

A

Certain parts of brain works on different functions.

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16
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Cortical ablation (for epilepsy)
Electrical stimulation of the cortex
Sensory and motor homonculi

17
Q

Johannes Muller

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies
Different sensations causes by different energies in nerves.
NOT TRUE! Different receptors interpret same action potentials.

18
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

Speed of neural transmission (27 m/s)

Nerve of a frog.

19
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

Neuron doctrine

  • neurons are discrete and autonomous cells that can interact
  • synapses
  • dendrites -> axons
20
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

Golgi stain: silver stain that would permit full visualization of a single neuron

21
Q

William Wundt

A

First psychology lab in Leipzig
Structuralism: breaking down mental processes to most basic components (reduction)
Introspection: study components of consciousness, look inside yourself to describe memories, perceptions and cognitive processes

22
Q

William James

A

Functionalism: what do they do, why is it useful and how are they adaptive?
Focus on purpose of consciousness, rather than structure
First complete volume in Psychology

23
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

First psychology lab in US

24
Q

Gestalt (school of thought)

A

Perception-based theory

  • cognitive processes should be understood by studying their organization, not their elements (holistic perception)
  • Revealed by illusions
25
Q

Freudian (school of thought)

A

“Hysterical” patients
Unconscious
- Not aware of everything but it guides behaviour
- Id, ego, super ego

26
Q

Behaviourism (school of thought)

A

“Black box”
- Tabula rosa (knowledge comes from experience and perception)
- Study relation between people’s environment and their behaviour without hypothetical events occurring in their hands
Stimulus-response associations
- Little Albert, reinforcement learning

27
Q

Sir Frederic Bartlett

A

False memories

Cognitive school of thought

28
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Kid’s errors
Insight to the mind
Cognitive school of thought

29
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Language production

Cognitive school of thought

30
Q

George Miller

A

Limited mental resources
Computer analogy
- Brain:Mind :: Hardware:Software

31
Q

Paul Broca and Patient “Tan”

A

Damage to left frontal lobe
Non-fluent aphasia
- Loss of ability to understand or express speech
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

32
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Change in personality
“Frontal lobe personality”
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

33
Q

Alexander Luria

A

Credited as founder of neuropsychology
Patients with brain injury on the battlefield
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

34
Q

Patient HM

A

Surgical removal of hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia: loss of ability to create new memories
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

35
Q

Brain plasticity and recovery of function (school of thought)

A

Phantom limb syndrome (V.S. Ramachandran)
- Feel sensations in now non-existent limbs
Reorganization of the brain

36
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

Founder of cognitive neuroscience (school of thought)

37
Q

PET scanner

A

Neurochemicals tag chemicals
Track blood flow and neural activity
Cognitive neuroscience

38
Q

MRI scanner

A

For structure and later on function

Cognitive neuroscience

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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