History Of Biological And Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

Study of the soul

Question 2

Psychological science

Answer 2

Scientific study of behaviour, the mind and brain

Question 3

Cognitive psychology

Answer 3

Study of cognitive (mental) processes

Question 4

Biological psychology

Answer 4

Study of the biology that gives rise to cognition and behaviour

Question 5

Cardiac hypothesis

Answer 5

Mind resides in the heart.
Heart is active and warm.
Brain is cool.
Empedocles of Acragas

Question 6

Brain hypothesis

Answer 6

Brain is the source of behaviour and decision making.

Alcamaeon of Croton

Question 7

What did Galen do?

Answer 7

Worked with soldiers injured in battle.
Brain hypothesis/materialism: different parts of brain damages different things.
- front damage = impaired movement and speech
- back damage = impaired senses

Question 8

Rationalism

Answer 8

Reason way through by guessing

Descartes

Question 9

Reflexes

Answer 9

Spinal cord (no need for brain or mind)
Brain can control them
Stimulus -> response (sensory receptors -> CNS -> muscles)
Stimulus pulls on tiny wires running up nerves to brain.
Open valves in brain, cerebral-spinal fluid enter hollow nerve-tubes leading to appropriate muscles.
Inflates muscles then move.
INCORRECT!

Question 10

Dualism

Answer 10

Brain gives rise to the mind but the mind is not a part of the world.

Question 11

The role of the pineal gland

Answer 11

Seat of the soul.
Between two hemispheres.
Mind interacts with body here.

Question 12

Undifferentiated mass

Answer 12

Brain works together.

No special function or structure.

Question 13

Pierre Flourens

Answer 13

Experimental ablation of rat brains.
Demonstrated that division of the brain = different functions
Opponent of LoF
Other parts of brain can take over function of damaged ones

Question 14

Franz Josef Gall

Answer 14

Phrenology

Question 15

Localization of function

Answer 15

Certain parts of brain works on different functions.

Question 16

Wilder Penfield

Answer 16

Cortical ablation (for epilepsy)
Electrical stimulation of the cortex
Sensory and motor homonculi

Question 17

Johannes Muller

Answer 17

Doctrine of specific nerve energies
Different sensations causes by different energies in nerves.
NOT TRUE! Different receptors interpret same action potentials.

Question 18

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Answer 18

Speed of neural transmission (27 m/s)

Nerve of a frog.

Question 19

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Answer 19

Neuron doctrine

• neurons are discrete and autonomous cells that can interact
• synapses
• dendrites -> axons

Question 20

Camillo Golgi

Answer 20

Golgi stain: silver stain that would permit full visualization of a single neuron

Question 21

William Wundt

Answer 21

First psychology lab in Leipzig
Structuralism: breaking down mental processes to most basic components (reduction)
Introspection: study components of consciousness, look inside yourself to describe memories, perceptions and cognitive processes

Question 22

William James

Answer 22

Functionalism: what do they do, why is it useful and how are they adaptive?
Focus on purpose of consciousness, rather than structure
First complete volume in Psychology

Question 23

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 23

First psychology lab in US

Question 24

Gestalt (school of thought)

Answer 24

Perception-based theory

• cognitive processes should be understood by studying their organization, not their elements (holistic perception)
• Revealed by illusions

Question 25

Freudian (school of thought)

Answer 25

"Hysterical" patients Unconscious - Not aware of everything but it guides behaviour - Id, ego, super ego

Question 26

Behaviourism (school of thought)

Answer 26

"Black box" - Tabula rosa (knowledge comes from experience and perception) - Study relation between people's environment and their behaviour without hypothetical events occurring in their hands Stimulus-response associations - Little Albert, reinforcement learning

Question 27

Sir Frederic Bartlett

Answer 27

False memories | Cognitive school of thought

Question 28

Jean Piaget

Answer 28

Kid's errors Insight to the mind Cognitive school of thought

Question 29

Noam Chomsky

Answer 29

Language production | Cognitive school of thought

Question 30

George Miller

Answer 30

Limited mental resources Computer analogy - Brain:Mind :: Hardware:Software

Question 31

Paul Broca and Patient "Tan"

Answer 31

Damage to left frontal lobe Non-fluent aphasia - Loss of ability to understand or express speech Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

Question 32

Phineas Gage

Answer 32

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) Change in personality "Frontal lobe personality" Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

Question 33

Alexander Luria

Answer 33

Credited as founder of neuropsychology Patients with brain injury on the battlefield Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

Question 34

Patient HM

Answer 34

Surgical removal of hippocampus Anterograde amnesia: loss of ability to create new memories Cognitive psychology (school of thought)

Question 35

Brain plasticity and recovery of function (school of thought)

Answer 35

Phantom limb syndrome (V.S. Ramachandran) - Feel sensations in now non-existent limbs Reorganization of the brain

Question 36

Michael Gazzaniga

Answer 36

Founder of cognitive neuroscience (school of thought)

Question 37

PET scanner

Answer 37

Neurochemicals tag chemicals Track blood flow and neural activity Cognitive neuroscience

Question 38

MRI scanner

Answer 38

For structure and later on function | Cognitive neuroscience