History Of Biological And Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
Psychology
Study of the soul
Psychological science
Scientific study of behaviour, the mind and brain
Cognitive psychology
Study of cognitive (mental) processes
Biological psychology
Study of the biology that gives rise to cognition and behaviour
Cardiac hypothesis
Mind resides in the heart.
Heart is active and warm.
Brain is cool.
Empedocles of Acragas
Brain hypothesis
Brain is the source of behaviour and decision making.
Alcamaeon of Croton
What did Galen do?
Worked with soldiers injured in battle.
Brain hypothesis/materialism: different parts of brain damages different things.
- front damage = impaired movement and speech
- back damage = impaired senses
Rationalism
Reason way through by guessing
Descartes
Reflexes
Spinal cord (no need for brain or mind)
Brain can control them
Stimulus -> response (sensory receptors -> CNS -> muscles)
Stimulus pulls on tiny wires running up nerves to brain.
Open valves in brain, cerebral-spinal fluid enter hollow nerve-tubes leading to appropriate muscles.
Inflates muscles then move.
INCORRECT!
Dualism
Brain gives rise to the mind but the mind is not a part of the world.
The role of the pineal gland
Seat of the soul.
Between two hemispheres.
Mind interacts with body here.
Undifferentiated mass
Brain works together.
No special function or structure.
Pierre Flourens
Experimental ablation of rat brains.
Demonstrated that division of the brain = different functions
Opponent of LoF
Other parts of brain can take over function of damaged ones
Franz Josef Gall
Phrenology
Localization of function
Certain parts of brain works on different functions.
Wilder Penfield
Cortical ablation (for epilepsy)
Electrical stimulation of the cortex
Sensory and motor homonculi
Johannes Muller
Doctrine of specific nerve energies
Different sensations causes by different energies in nerves.
NOT TRUE! Different receptors interpret same action potentials.
Hermann Von Helmholtz
Speed of neural transmission (27 m/s)
Nerve of a frog.
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Neuron doctrine
- neurons are discrete and autonomous cells that can interact
- synapses
- dendrites -> axons
Camillo Golgi
Golgi stain: silver stain that would permit full visualization of a single neuron
William Wundt
First psychology lab in Leipzig
Structuralism: breaking down mental processes to most basic components (reduction)
Introspection: study components of consciousness, look inside yourself to describe memories, perceptions and cognitive processes
William James
Functionalism: what do they do, why is it useful and how are they adaptive?
Focus on purpose of consciousness, rather than structure
First complete volume in Psychology
G. Stanley Hall
First psychology lab in US
Gestalt (school of thought)
Perception-based theory
- cognitive processes should be understood by studying their organization, not their elements (holistic perception)
- Revealed by illusions
Freudian (school of thought)
“Hysterical” patients
Unconscious
- Not aware of everything but it guides behaviour
- Id, ego, super ego
Behaviourism (school of thought)
“Black box”
- Tabula rosa (knowledge comes from experience and perception)
- Study relation between people’s environment and their behaviour without hypothetical events occurring in their hands
Stimulus-response associations
- Little Albert, reinforcement learning
Sir Frederic Bartlett
False memories
Cognitive school of thought
Jean Piaget
Kid’s errors
Insight to the mind
Cognitive school of thought
Noam Chomsky
Language production
Cognitive school of thought
George Miller
Limited mental resources
Computer analogy
- Brain:Mind :: Hardware:Software
Paul Broca and Patient “Tan”
Damage to left frontal lobe
Non-fluent aphasia
- Loss of ability to understand or express speech
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)
Phineas Gage
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Change in personality
“Frontal lobe personality”
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)
Alexander Luria
Credited as founder of neuropsychology
Patients with brain injury on the battlefield
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)
Patient HM
Surgical removal of hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia: loss of ability to create new memories
Cognitive psychology (school of thought)
Brain plasticity and recovery of function (school of thought)
Phantom limb syndrome (V.S. Ramachandran)
- Feel sensations in now non-existent limbs
Reorganization of the brain
Michael Gazzaniga
Founder of cognitive neuroscience (school of thought)
PET scanner
Neurochemicals tag chemicals
Track blood flow and neural activity
Cognitive neuroscience
MRI scanner
For structure and later on function
Cognitive neuroscience
