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h i s t o r y > The French Revolution and Napoleon > Flashcards

The French Revolution and Napoleon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of revolution

A

Struggle for a complete / radical change by overthrowing the old political system

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2
Q

When and where did revolutions happened?

A

Europe and America in the 18th-19th century

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3
Q

Why do revolutions happen? (big + 3small + conclu)

A

Discontent with government / criticism against government

Autocratic government , absolute monarchs , foreign rulers

Corrupt and inefficient government

Social inequality, social and economic sufferings of the people

=No rights as in a feudal system

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4
Q

main reason of French Revolution (hint: 2)

A

Influence of the Enlightenment and the American revolution

Problems of the French government

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5
Q

What was Europe ruled by?

What does it believe in?

A

Absolute monarch

Divine right of kings

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6
Q

What is enlightenment?

A

An intellectual movement started by educated Europeans (French)

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7
Q

What does enlightenment promote 3

A

Basic human rights
Equality before law / rule of law
Popular sovereignty (rule with consent of people)

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8
Q

How does enlightenment threaten the ruler

A

People would take up arms against tyranny, as they believe in their right to revolt against tyranny

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9
Q

Tyranny

A

A government in which a ruler or a small group of people have absolute power and exercise the power cruelly and unjustly

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10
Q

How American revolution led to French Revolution

A

The success showed that common people can overthrow a tyranny and set up a democratic government
Financial support

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11
Q

Political problems of French government (hint: 1 pt 1 conclu)

A

Louis xvi was not interested in politics and his ministers made all the decisions

Inefficient and corrupt government

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12
Q

Financial problems of French government (3 pt 1 conclu)

A

Louis xvi needed money for entertainment-> taxes ( new land tax)
Luxurious life of the queen Marie Antoinette and the court
Louis xiv-> participation in foreign wars leads to heavy military expenditure

Bankrupt of government

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13
Q

Social problems of the French government 2 pt 1 conclu

A

Serious inflation and unemployment
Poor harvest and starvation

Failed to address the social problems faced by the people

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14
Q

Was there social inequality in French (18th century

Describe the situation

A

Power and wealth were concentrated in a privileged minority (first second estate)
Majority of the population suffered and did not have rights

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15
Q

King in French society 3

A

Unlimited rights
Largest landowners
Exempted from most of the taxes

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16
Q

First estate 3

A

Clergy
Best position in government and army
Exempted from most of the taxes

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17
Q

Second estate 3

A

Nobility
No political power
Wealthy

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18
Q

Third estate 2

A

Bourgeoisie
City workers
Peasant
Suffered the most from heavy taxation 75% of income

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19
Q

two events leading to french revolution

A

meeting of the estates-general

the tennis court oath

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20
Q

what is estates-general

A

french parliament to discuss financial or political matters

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21
Q

why dud louis xvi called a meeting of estates-general

A

urgent problem: financial difficulties

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22
Q

what is the motion of the meeting of estate-general

A

nobles and clergy should pay taxes

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23
Q

How did the estates-general meeting ended?

A

the third estate thought the one-estate-one-vote system was unfair
the third estate withdrew from the meeting

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24
Q

why was the one-estate-one-vote system unfair

A

the privileged classes would always vote against the majority of population

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25
Q

What did the third estate set up after withdrawing from the estates-general meeting?

A

national assembly

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26
Q

what did the national assembly do 3

A

represent the people
protect people’s right
participate in law-making process

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27
Q

what did the people of third estate do in the tennis court

A

swore they would not give up until they had drawn up a constitution for France

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28
Q

what does a constitution do 2

A

limit the power of the ruler

ensure the basic natural rights of people

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29
Q

what does the tennis court oath show?

A

the determination of the people to create a constitutional government for France

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30
Q

what does people of paris attacking the bastille leads to

A

french revolution

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31
Q

what does bastille symbolize? why

A

tyranny

political prisoners were kept there

32
Q

why did parisians marched on to the bastille

A

louis xvi planned to send in troops to dissolve the national assembly

33
Q

when is the french national day? why

A

14th july

day of storming of the bastille (french revolution

34
Q

which ideas did the national assembly adopted?

A

the declaration of the rights of man (enlightenment ideas

35
Q

what are the 3 colours of french flag

why

A

blue (liberty) white (equality) fraternity (red)

36
Q

republic

A

a form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to manage the government

37
Q

who ruled in the reign of terror (people + ruling body

A

jacobins (e.g robespierre

committee of public safety as the ruling body

38
Q

why were people killed in the reign of terror

A

they were suspected of being against the revolutionaries (counter revolutionary

39
Q

describe the reign of terror （2 adj

A

not truly equal and democratic

40
Q

what did they use to kill people in the reign of terror

A

guillotine

41
Q

what were the background of the directors in the directory

A

bourgeoisie

42
Q

where was napoleon born

A

corsica

43
Q

in which campaign did napoleon defeat austria? where?

A

italian campaign

italy

44
Q

why was there egyptian campaign

A

directory send an expedition to egypt to undermine britain’s trade interests in india

45
Q

result of egyptian campaign 2

A

victorious on land but defeated by Britain Navy at sea

starvation and diseases spread among his soldiers -> retreat

46
Q

after napoleon ended the directory
what did he set up
what did he become

A

consulate

first consul

47
Q

what did napoleon do to himself after restoring monarchy

A

crowned himself emperor of the french empire

48
Q

what did napoleon ended and what did he started after ending the previous one

A

first french republic

first french empire

49
Q

what did napoleon became after defeating 4th coalition

A

master of europe

50
Q

why did napoleon rise to power (internal x 2 external x 1

A

the directory was an ineffective and corrupt and incapable government
french people are tired of the chaos since the outbreak of the french revolution and longed for strong leader who bring law and order

napoleon defeated the first coalition and brought glory to france and was regarded as a national hero

51
Q

problems of the directory 3

A

failed to solve the problems the people faced
doesn’t know how to fight a war
only protects the interest of the rich

52
Q

what happened since the revolution which made the people fed up 5

A 
poverty
starvation
lack of sense of security
high-handed suppression by directory
internal rebellions and infighting
53
Q

why was there lack of a sense of security since the revolution

A

fear of revolts and crimes

54
Q

name one rebellion during the directory

A

royalist uprising

55
Q

name 3 achievements of napoleon

A

a huge empire established
fought many napoleonic wars
reforms

56
Q

what countries became dependent states of france 3

A

spain itailan german states

kingdom of italy and confederation of the rhine

57
Q

which countries became french allies 2

A

prussia austria

58
Q

which countries did not become french allies

A

britain
portugal
sweden

59
Q

what did napoleon turn holy roman empire into

A

german dependent states

60
Q

why was britain a threat to france 3

A 
english channel separating france and britain -> slim chance of winning
powerful navy
strong economy (sufficient food production
61
Q

results of continental system

A

no fear of starvation in britain

harmed economy of europe

62
Q

name 5 reforms by napoleon and benefits

A

fair tax system (improve economic status of the people
fair chances for everyone to be recruited in the government and army (improve social status of people + government
free trade, industry, agriculture, education (improve economy
improve transportation by building roads, bridges, canals (improve economy
napoleonic code (protect the right of people

63
Q

name 3 laws of napoleonic code

A 
protect personal property
abolish class division and feudal privileges
give everyone the freedom to choose their religion and job
64
Q

benefits of reforms 3
cons 1
as a whole

A

provides more protection and rights for the french people
improve their living standard
favorable to the rule of napoleon (more popular

members of allies and dependent states thought napoleon wasn’t following the code -> threat

65
Q

name 4 battles which napoleon was defeated

A

peninsular war
the russian campaign
the battle of nations
battle of waterloo

66
Q

cause of peninsular war

A

spanish people rose against french rule, napoleon put down the revolt and punished portugal for acting against the continental system

67
Q

result of peninsular war

why

A

defeated

britain royal navy helped spain and portugal

68
Q

cause of the russian campaign

A

napoleon wanted to punish russia for trading with britain

69
Q

result of russian campaign and why

A

forced to retreat and faced heavy causalities (died of hunger, cold, and russia’s attack on their way home

russian employed the scorched-earth policy, burning the city, leaving no food supply

70
Q

cause of the battle of nations

A

after napoleon lost the russian campaign, european countries joined together in 6th coalition against france

71
Q

result of battle of nations

A

defeated and gave up his throne, exiled to island of elba

louis xviii, brother of louis xvi restored

72
Q

cause of battle of waterloo

A

escape back to france a year after being exiled and ruled for 100 days, european rulers were in the middle of congress of vienna, dealing with the problems left by him -> 7th coalition against him

73
Q

result of battle of waterloo 3

A

british and prussian armies defeated napoleon
exiled to island of st helena
died 6 years later

74
Q

significance of french revolution and napoleonic era

A

ideology of nationalism and liberalism

75
Q

nationalism 2

A

people of the same race, culture, language, religion should be unified and politically independent
loyal to the nation, not the king, can overthrow a bad king

76
Q

significance of nationalism after napoleonic era (1big 2examples

A

encouraged independence and unification movements
greece and belgium gained independence
italy and germany formed by unifying divided italian and german states

77
Q

significance of liberalism after napoleonic era

A

revolutions against autocratic governments in different parts of europe (austria, france, spain / people asked for liberal constitution and political rights for the people

h i s t o r y (3 decks)

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