The Formation of the Universe and the Solar System

Question 1

Most widely accepted theory on how the Universe came to existence

Answer 1

Big Bang Theory

Question 2

Who first suggested the Big Bang Theory?

Answer 2

Georges Lemaitre

Question 3

What year did Georges Lemaitre suggest his theory?

Answer 3

1927

Question 4

Who said, “The universe is a singularity that explodes which creates matter, space, and time, as it cools off”

Answer 4

Georges Lemaitre

Question 5

The Universe is believed to be around ___ years

Answer 5

13.8 billion

Question 6

The ___ is described as an extremely hot and dense point that is smaller than a single atom.

Answer 6

singularity

Question 7

Which two other discoveries support the Big Bang Theory?

Answer 7

Celestial bodies are moving away from each other at a proportional distance (Edwin Hubble, 1924) & Cosmic Microwave Background (n.a., 1960s)

Question 8

Edwin Hubble used the ___ ___ to calculate the speed at which celestial bodies are moving away from each other, subsequently the speed at which Universe expands

Answer 8

Cosmological Redshift

Question 9

Planck Era

Answer 9

10^-43 seconds

Question 10

Timeline of the Univserse (Complete, 10)

Answer 10

Big Bang -> Cosmic Inflation -> Particles Form -> Recombination -> Dark Ages -> First Stars & Galaxies -> Galaxy Evolution -> Clusters of Galaxies -> Galaxy -> Solar System

BB>CI>PF>R>DA>FSG>GE>COG>G>SS

Question 11

Grand Unification Era

Answer 11

10^-35 seconds

Question 12

Closest era that current physics can get to the absolute beginning of time. Universe is incredibly hot, dense, turbulent, with very fabric of space and time.

Answer 12

Planck Era / 10^-43 seconds

Question 13

Superforce begins to break apart into the constituent forces we see. Around this time so-called inflationary energy triggers a dramatic burst of expansion, expanding the universe from far smaller than a subatomic particle to far larger than the cosmic volume we can see today.

Answer 13

Grand Unification Era / 10^-35 seconds

Question 14

“___ ___” triggers a dynamic burst of expansion, expanding the universe from far smaller than a subatomic particle to a far larger than the cosmic volume we can see today.

Answer 14

inflationary energy

Question 15

Energy dumped into the universe by the end of inflation leads to the appearance of particples of matter via Einstein’s celebrated equation, E=mc^2

Answer 15

10^-32 seconds

Question 16

Last two fundamental forces still unified with one another, electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force, finally split, leaving the universe with the four separate forces we observe today.

Answer 16

10^-11 seconds / Electroweak Era

Question 17

In 10^-6 seconds, as the universe continues to expand, it becomes cool enough to allow the familiar particples of today’s matter, protons and neutrons, to form from their constituents, known as ____

Answer 17

quarks

Question 18

At a temperature of ___ celsius, protons and neutrons start to combine together to form nuclei, the charged cores of atoms. (200 seconds)

Answer 18

one billion degrees celsius

Question 19

Within 20 minutes, the temperature of the universe has become too cold to drive the process, which ceases with the formation of the nuclei of hydrogen and helium, the simplest and most common chemical elements in the universe. The formation of all the other elements - including the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen needed for life - will emerge with the first massive stars millions of years later.

Answer 19

200 seconds

Question 20

The universe has cooled to about 1,000C - cool enough for electrons to pair up with nuclei to form the first atoms.

Answer 20

300,000 years / Recombination Era

Question 21

the universe consists of about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. With the electrons now bound to atoms, the universe finally becomes transparent to light - making this the earliest epoch observable today.

Answer 21

300,000 years / Recombination Era

Question 22

proton + neutron = nuclei

collab w very first stars (light)

Answer 22

200m years

Question 23

The force of gravity starts to pull together huge regions of relatively dense cosmic gas, forming the vast, swirling collections of stars we call galaxies. These in turn start to form clusters, of which one - the so-called Local Group - contains our own Milky Way galaxy

Answer 23

0.5bn - 1bn years

Question 24

The force of gravity trying to slow the cosmic expansion begins to lose out to the anti-gravitational effect of “dark energy”, a mysterious force which has been accelerating the cosmic expansion ever since.

Answer 24

9bn years

Question 25

A region of gas and dust from exploding stars in the Milky Way galaxy starts to collapse under its own gravity, forming a small star surrounded by a disk of rocky material and gas. Swarms of giant chunks of debris form within the disc, collide and merge - forming the Earth, moon and other planets.

Answer 25

9.1bn years (4.6 bn years ago)

Question 26

Local Group

Answer 26

Galaxies (with Milky Way)

Question 27

A model describing the formation, evolution of Solar System.

Answer 27

The Nebular Hypothesis

Question 28

In Nebular Hypothesis, a group of protostars, one of which will become the Sun, form from a cloud of debris left by prior star explosions in the Milky Way.

Answer 28

4.6 b years ago

Question 29

In Nebular Hypothesis, the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune form around the protosun. At least Uranus and Neptune form closer to the Sun than where they are today. One or more ice giants may have also formed that were later ejected from the solar system.

Answer 29

4.59 b years ago

Question 30

In Nebular Hypothesis, Let there be light: The Sun begins fusing hydrogen into helium

Answer 30

4.55 years ago

Question 31

In Nebular Hypothesis, the sun gravitationally separates from its protostar siblings

Answer 31

4.5 - 4.1 b years ago

Question 32

In Nebular Hypothesis, Life begins on Earth

Answer 32

3.8-3.5 b years ago

Question 33

In Nebular Hypothesis, Mars loses most of its atmosphere and water

Answer 33

3 b years

Question 34

In Nebular Hypothesis, volcanism on the moon stops

Answer 34

1 b years

Question 35

In Nebular Hypothesis, an impact on the moon forms tycho crater; saturn gets its rings.

Answer 35

100 m years

Question 36

In Nebular Hypothesis, a giant asteroid hits Earth, triggering global climate change. Three quarters of life, including dinosaurs, go extinct.

Answer 36

66 m years

Question 37

Space Expands, ___ Stretches

Answer 37

Light

Question 38

origin of fluctuations

Answer 38

Cosmic Inflation

Question 39

coupled to light and dark matter particles start building structures

Answer 39

ordinary matter particles

Question 40

ordinary matter particles decouple from light & the cosmic microwave background is released

Answer 40

recombination

Question 41

ordinary matter particles fall into the structures created by dark matter

Answer 41

dark ages

Question 42

clusters of galaxies & superclusters form

Answer 42

Galaxy evolution

Question 43

One unified force combined instead of multiple forces in the universe

Answer 43

superforce

Question 44

who proposed the Nebular Hypothesis? (2)

Answer 44

Immanuel Kant, Pierre Laplace

Question 45

Why is an electron negatively charged but does not come together with a proton?

Answer 45

It is because electrons has so much KE that it wanders rather than staying

Question 46

When electrons are excited, they go ____ the nucleus

Answer 46

away from

Question 47

When the KE of the e- is low, they ___ to the nucleus

Answer 47

go back

Question 48

kaya pa ba

Answer 48

k lang

Question 49

e- energy is low = it will ___ itself to the proton

Answer 49

not attach

Question 50

you will never know the exact position of an e- due to erratic movements

Answer 50

Heisenberd Uncertainty Principle