The Food Supply Chain Flashcards
What were the two reasons listed in class on what the FSC is so important?
- Food needs to be frequently purchased and consumed
- Agricultural production is seasonal (biotic and abiotic)
The FSC is _______.
complex
In 2020 what caused the closure of processing plants?
COVID 109
What are various crop diseases due to climate?
- Wheat Rusts
- Blights
- Crown Gall Disease
- Tomato Diseases
What caused the massive irish migration from 1845 to 1855?
Blights
What percent of wheat is lost to disease?
21.5%
What are the most common wheat infections?
- Leaf Rust
- Fusarium head blight
- Tritici Blotch
What causes leaf rust?
Puccinia triticina Eriks (FUNGI)
What are the two hosts for Puccinia triticina Eriks (FUNGI) that causes leaf rust?
- Wheat
- Meadow Rue
What percent yield damage can leaf rust cause?
Up to 50%
What is major threat to livestock in terms of swine diseases?
Porcine Enteric Coronavirus (PEVD)
What happens to pigs that get PEDV?
Diarrhea near 100% mortality
What do cells need for energy?
- Light
- Chemicals
What do cells need for carbon?
- Carbon Dioxide
- methane
- organic chemicals
What do cells need for other nutrients?
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
Why does the cell need magnesium?
Stabilize ribosome and needed for ATP dependent reaction
Why does the cell need potassium?
main cellular cation
Why does the cell need iron?
needed for many enzymes
Why does the cell need calcium?
not essential for all cells
Why does the cell need sodium?
not essential for cells
Macronutrients are needed at levels above what?
1%
What are trace elements?
Elements needed in small quantities
What is the purpose of trace elements?
helps enzymes do their jobs
What are some examples of trace elements?
Boron, Chronium, Cobalt…..
What are the requirements of trace elements per MO?
Varies per MO
Siderophores are what?
Small molecules that bind iron
What are growth factors?
Organic compounds needed by some cells because they can’t make their own
What is microbial food?
Assimilation of macronutrients
How do microbes get food?
- Absorptive via transport proteins
- Endocytosis (only eukaryotes)
- Phagocytosis (solids)
- Pinocytosis (liquids)
What if food is gas? How can it be concentrated? What is an example?
Oxygen
Hemoglobin
What if food is too large to transport? Examples?
Exoenzymes break down polymers to monomers
Cellulose, lignin
Where do microbes get food?
- Soluble nutrients
- Other cells (attack)
Where do macronutrients go?
They are metabolized to make more cellular components. (monomers–>polymers—>cellular structures)
What is one way to classify microbes?
Nutritional
What are the two classifications for the source of energy?
- Chemotroph (chemical energy)
- Phototroph (light energy)
What are two classifications for sources of carbon?
- autotroph (carbon dioxide)
- heterotroph (organic compounds)
What are two classifications for source of electrons?
- Lithotroph (inorganic molecules)
- Organotroph (organic molecules)
What does the nutrient classification fail to recognize?
Fact that certain bacteria have needs for other nutrients besides C/E or H or e-
What is the difference between growth factors and trace elements?
Growth factors use organic compounds
What are different isolation techniques?
- Simple plating-plate everything there
- Enrichment culture
How does simple plating work?
Selects for fastest growing, best adapted to those conditions
What is a benefit of enrichment culture?
Stacking the deck in your favor
What are the pros of simple plating/tube culture?
May be able to isolate colonies
What are the cons of simple plating?
- Microbe must grow on a medium
- Competition between microbes
- Hard to select desired microbe
What are the pros to enrichment culture?
- Can select for desired metabolic capacity (nitrogen fixation)
What are the cons to enrichment culture?
- Will only get certain types
What are two different types of media?
Differential and Selective
What is a differential media?
Allows us to identify microbes by a reaction in the medium BUT you can differentiate between them on the plate
What is a selective media?
Favor the growth of some microbes and disfavors the growth of others (everything you see on the plate shows what you are looking for)
What are some other grow requirements?
- Presence of other microbes (syntrophy)
- Nutrient concentration
- Unique movements
- growth on surfaces vs growth suspended in liquids
What are copiotrophs?
organsims that adapt well to high levels of nutritients
What are Oligotrophs?
organisms that adapt to low levels of nutrients
What are capnophiles?
Need increased CO2 levels
What is a defined medium?
We know every chemical we are added and in what concentration
What is a complex medium?
short list of chemicals glucose, yeast extract, peptone
